Editing Psychoanalysis (section)

{{Short description|Set of therapeutic techniques established by Sigmund Freud}}
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{{Psychoanalysis|Concepts}}
'''Psychoanalysis'''<ref group="lower-roman">From [[Greek language|Greek]]: {{Langx|grc|{{wikt-lang|en|psycho-|ψυχή}}|translit=psykhḗ|lit=soul|label=none}} and {{Langx|grc|{{wikt-lang|en|analysis|ἀνάλυσις}}|translit=análysis|lit=investigating|label=none}}</ref> is a set of theories and techniques of research that deals with the [[unconscious mind]]'s influence of the [[conscious mind]]. Based on [[talk therapy]] and [[The Interpretation of Dreams|dream interpretation]], psychoanalysis is also a method for the treatment of [[mental disorder]]s.<ref group="lower-roman">"All psychoanalytic theories include the idea that unconscious thoughts and feelings are central in mental functioning." Milton, Jane, Caroline Polmear, and Julia Fabricius. 2011. ''A Short Introduction to Psychoanalysis''. [[Sage Group|SAGE]]. p. 27.</ref><ref group="lower-roman">"What is psychoanalysis? Of course, one is supposed to answer that it is many things — a theory, a research method, a therapy, a body of knowledge. In what might be considered an unfortunately abbreviated description, Freud said that anyone who recognizes transference and resistance is a psychoanalyst, even if he comes to conclusions other than his own.… I prefer to think of the analytic situation more broadly, as one in which someone seeking help tries to speak as freely as he can to someone who listens as carefully as he can with the aim of articulating what is going on between them and why. [[David Rapaport]] (1967a) once defined the analytic situation as carrying the method of interpersonal relationship to its last consequences." Gill, Merton M. 1999. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20090610013708/http://americanmentalhealthfoundation.org/a.php?id=38 Psychoanalysis, Part 1: Proposals for the Future]." ''The Challenge for Psychoanalysis and Psychotherapy: Solutions for the Future''. New York: [[American Mental Health Foundation]]. Archived 10 June 2009.</ref> Established in the early 1890s by [[Sigmund Freud]], it takes into account [[Darwinism|Darwin's theory]] of evolution,  [[neurology]] findings, [[ethnology]] reports, and, in some respects, the clinical research of his mentor [[Josef Breuer]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sulloway |first=Frank |title=Freud, Biologist of the Mind: Beyond the Psychoanalytic Legend}}</ref> Freud developed and refined the theory and practice of psychoanalysis until his death in 1939.<ref name="Mitchell, Juliet 2000">Mitchell, Juliet. 2000. ''Psychoanalysis and Feminism: A Radical Reassessment of Freudian Psychoanalysis''. London: [[Penguin Books]]. p. 341.</ref> In an encyclopedic article, he identified its four cornerstones: "the assumption that there are unconscious mental processes, the recognition of the theory of repression and resistance, the appreciation of the importance of sexuality and of the [[Oedipus complex]]."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mitchell |first1=Juliet |title=Psychoanalysis and Feminism |date=1975 |publisher=Pelican Books |page=343}}</ref>

Freud's earlier colleagues [[Alfred Adler]] and [[Carl Jung]] soon developed their own methods ([[individual psychology|individual]] and [[analytical psychology]]); he criticized these concepts, stating that they were not forms of psychoanalysis.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Freud |first1=Sigmund |title=On the History of the Psycho-Analytic Movement |date=1966 |publisher=W.W. Norton and Co. |location=New York |page=5}}</ref> After the [[Second World War]], [[Neo-Freudianism|neo-Freudian]] thinkers like [[Erich Fromm]], [[Karen Horney]] and [[Harry Stack Sullivan]] created some subfields.<ref name="Birnbach, Martin 1961">Birnbach, Martin. 1961. ''Neo-Freudian Social Philosophy''. Stanford: [[Stanford University Press]]. p. 3.</ref> [[Jacques Lacan]], whose work is often referred to as Return to Freud, described his [[metapsychology]] as a technical elaboration of the [[Structural model of the psyche|three-instance model of the psyche]] and examined the language-like structure of the unconscious.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Julien |first1=Phillope |title=Jacques Lacan's Return to Freud |date=2021 |publisher=New York University Press |doi=10.18574/nyu/9780814743232.001.0001 |isbn=978-0-8147-4323-2 |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.18574/nyu/9780814743232.001.0001/html?lang=de |access-date=21 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lacan |first1=Jacques |title=Freud's Papers on Technique (Seminar of Jacques Lacan) |publisher=Jacques Alain}}</ref>

Psychoanalysis has been a controversial discipline from the outset, and its effectiveness as a treatment remains contested, although its influence on [[psychology]] and [[psychiatry]] is undisputed.<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Kuzuhara |first=Felipe Massao |title=Seeking the controversies: controversy, pluralism and knowledge in psychoanalysis |date=2018-02-28 |degree=doctoral |publisher=Birkbeck, University of London |url=https://eprints.bbk.ac.uk/id/eprint/40305/ |doi=10.18743/pub.00040305 |language=en}}</ref><ref group="lower-roman">"Psychoanalysis has existed before the turn of the 20th century and, in that span of years, has established itself as one of the fundamental disciplines within psychiatry. The science of psychoanalysis is the bedrock of psychodynamic understanding and forms the fundamental theoretical frame of reference for a variety of forms of therapeutic intervention, embracing not only psychoanalysis itself but also various forms of psychoanalytically oriented psychotherapy and related forms of therapy using psychodynamic concepts." Sadock, Benjamin J., and Virginia A. Sadock. 2007. ''Kaplan and Sadock's Synopsis of Psychiatry'' (10th ed.). [[Lippincott Williams & Wilkins]]. p. 190.</ref><ref group="lower-roman">"Psychoanalysis continues to be an important paradigm organizing the way many psychiatrists think about patients and treatment. However, its limitations are more widely recognized and it is assumed that many important advances in the future will come from other areas, particularly biologic psychiatry. As yet unresolved is the appropriate role of psychoanalytic thinking in organizing the treatment of patients and the training of psychiatrists after that biological revolution has borne fruit. Will treatments aimed at biologic defects or abnormalities become technical steps in a program organized in a psychoanalytic framework? Will psychoanalysis serve to explain and guide supportive intervention for individuals whose lives are deformed by biologic defect and therapeutic interventions, much as it now does for patients with chronic physical illness, with the psychoanalyst on the psychiatric dialysis program? Or will we look back on the role of psychoanalysis in the treatment of the seriously mentally ill as the last and most scientifically enlightened phase of the humanistic tradition in psychiatry, a tradition that became extinct when advances in biology allowed us to cure those we had so long only comforted?" [[Robert Michels (physician)|Michels, Robert]]. 1999. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20090606094737/http://americanmentalhealthfoundation.org/a.php?id=24 Psychoanalysis and Psychiatry: A Changing Relationship]." ''The Challenge for Psychoanalysis and Psychotherapy: Solutions for the Future''. New York: [[American Mental Health Foundation]]. Archived 6 June 2009.</ref>  Psychoanalytic concepts are also widely used outside the therapeutic field,<ref name="HP">{{Citation |author=[[Aikaterini Fotopoulou]] |title=The history and progress of neuropsychoanalysis |date=May 2012 |work=From the Couch to the Lab |pages=12–24 |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/med/9780199600526.003.0002 |isbn=978-0-19-960052-6}}</ref> in the interpretation of myths and fairy tales, philosophical perspectives such as [[Freudo-Marxism]] and in [[psychoanalytic literary criticism|literary criticism]].