Editing Pyrgi Tablets (section)

{{short description|Etruscan artifact}}
{{Infobox artefact
|image=Lamine d'oro in lingua etrusca e fenicia con dedica di un luogo sacro a pyrgi.jpg
|created={{circa}} 500 BC
|material=[[Gold]]
|discovered_date=1964
|discovered_place=[[Lazio]], [[Italy]]
|location=[[Rome]], [[Lazio]], [[Italy]]
|caption=The Pyrgi Tablets, sheets of gold with a bilingual treatise in Etruscan and Phoenician
|language=[[Etruscan language|Etruscan]] and [[Phoenician language|Phoenician]]}}
The '''Pyrgi Tablets''' (dated {{circa|500 BC}}) are three golden plates inscribed with a bilingual [[Phoenician language|Phoenician]]–[[Etruscan language|Etruscan]] dedicatory text. They are the oldest historical source documents from Italy, predating Roman hegemony, and are rare examples of texts in these languages. They were discovered in 1964 during a series of excavations at the site of ancient [[Pyrgi]], on the [[Tyrrhenian Sea|Tyrrhenian coast]] of [[Italy]] in [[Latium]] (Lazio). The text records the foundation of a temple and its [[Dedication (ritual)|dedication]] to the [[Phoenicia]]n goddess [[Astarte]], who is identified with the [[Etruscan civilization|Etruscan]] supreme goddess [[Uni (mythology)|Uni]] in the [[Etruscan language|Etruscan]] text. The temple's construction is attributed to Thefarie Velianas, ruler of the nearby city of [[Caere]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Doak |first=Brian R. |title=The Oxford Handbook of the Phoenician and Punic Mediterranean |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2019 |isbn=978-0-19-049934-1 |location=New York, NY |pages=230}}</ref>

Two of the tablets are inscribed in the [[Etruscan language]], the third in Phoenician.<ref>The specific dialect has been called "Mediterranean Phoenician" by {{cite journal | last=Schmitz | first=Philip C. | title=The Phoenician Text from the Etruscan Sanctuary at Pyrgi | journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society | publisher=JSTOR | volume=115 | issue=4 | year=1995 | issn=0003-0279 | doi=10.2307/604727 | pages=559–575|jstor=604727}} Full bibliography of Pyrgi and the tablets</ref> The writings are important in providing both a bilingual text that allows researchers to use knowledge of Phoenician to interpret Etruscan, and evidence of [[Phoenicia]]n or [[Punic]] influence in the Western [[Mediterranean]]. They may relate to [[Polybius]]'s report (''Hist.'' 3,22) of an ancient and almost unintelligible treaty between the [[Rome|Romans]] and the [[Carthage|Carthaginians]], which he dated to the [[consul]]ships of [[Lucius Junius Brutus]] and [[Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus]] (509 BC).<ref>Smith, C. J., "Recent approaches to early writing" in ''The Archaeology of Death: Proceedings of the Seventh Conference of Italian Archaeology held at the National University of Ireland, Galway, April 16–18, 2016''
edited by Edward Herring and Eóin O’Donoghue. Archaeopress, 2018, p. 31 https://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/10023/15876/Smith_2018_ArchofDeath_EarlyWriting_VoR.pdf?sequence=5&isAllowed=y</ref>

The [[Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions|Phoenician inscriptions]] are known as [[Kanaanäische und Aramäische Inschriften|KAI]] 277. The tablets are now held at the [[National Etruscan Museum]], [[Villa Giulia]], Rome.

Pallottino has claimed that the existence of this bilingual suggests an attempt by Carthage to support or impose a ruler (Tiberius Velianas) over Caere at a time when Etruscan sea power was waning and to be sure that this region, with strong cultural ties to Greek settlements to the south, stayed in the Etrusco-Carthaginian confederacy.<ref>Pallottino, M. The Etruscans. Trans. J. Cremona. Indiana UP, Bloomington and London. 1975. p. 90</ref> The exact nature of the rule of Tiberius Velianas has been the subject of much discussion. The Phoenician root MLK refers to sole power, often associated with a king. But the Etruscan text does not use the Etruscan word for 'king', {{Transliteration|ett|lauχum}}, instead presenting the term for 'magistrate', {{Transliteration|ett|zilac}} (perhaps modified by a word that may mean 'great'). This suggests that Tiberius Velianas may have been a tyrant of the kind found in some Greek cities of the time. Building a temple, claiming to have been addressed by a god, and creating or strengthening his connections with foreign powers may all have been ways that he sought to solidify and legitimate his own power.<ref>Smith, C. "The Pyrgi Tablets and the View From Rome" in ''Le Lamine di Pyrgi'' eds V. Bellelli and P. Xella, Verona, 2016. pp. 203–221</ref>

Another area that the Pyrgi Tablets seem to throw light on is that Carthage was indeed involved in central Italy at this point in history. Such involvement was suggested by mentions by [[Polybius]] of a treaty between Rome and Carthage at about the same time period (circa 500 BC), and by [[Herodotus]]'s accounts of Carthaginian involvement in the [[Battle of Alalia]]. But these isolated accounts did not have any contemporaneous texts from the area to support them until these tablets were unearthed and interpreted.<ref>Smith, C. "The Pyrgi Tablets and the View from Rome" in ''Le Lamine di Pyrgi'', eds. V. Bellelli and P. Xella, Verona, 2016. pp. 203–221</ref> Schmidtz originally claimed that the language pointed more toward an eastern Mediterranean form of Phoenician rather than to Punic/Carthaginian. But he has more recently reversed this view, and he even sees the possibility that the Carthaginians are directly referred to in the text.<ref>Schmidtz, Philip Ch. " ''Sempre Pyrgi'': A retraction and a Reassessment of the Phoenician Text" in ''Le lamine di Pyrgi: Nuovi studi sulle iscizione in etrusco e in fenicio nel cinquantenario della scoperta'' eds. Vincenzo Bellelli and Paolo Xella. Verona, 2016. pp. 33–43</ref>

The text is also important for our understanding of religion in central Italy around the year 500 BC. Specifically, it suggests that the commemoration of the death of [[Adonis]] was an important rite in Central Italy at least at this time (around 500 BC), that is if, as is generally assumed, the Phoenician phrase {{Transliteration|sem|bym qbr ʼlm}} "on the day of the burial of the divinity" refers to this rite. This claim would be further strengthened if Schmidtz's recent claim can be accepted that the Phoenician phrase {{Transliteration|sem|bmt n' bbt}} means "at the death of (the) Handsome (one) [=Adonis]."<ref>Schmidtz, Philip Ch. " ''Sempre Pyrgi'': A retraction and a Reassessment of the Phoenician Text" in ''Le lamine di Pyrgi: Nuovi studi sulle iscizione in etrusco e in fenicio nel cinquantenario della scoperta'' eds. Vincenzo Bellelli and Paolo Xella. Verona, 2016. pp. 33–43</ref> Together with evidence of the rite of [[Adonai]] in the [[Liber Linteus]] in the 7th column, there is a strong likelihood that the ritual was practiced in (at least) the southern part of Etruria from at least circa 500 BC through the second century BC (depending on one's dating of the Liber Linteus). Adonis himself does not seem to be directly mentioned in any of the extant language of either text.<ref>Liber Linteus Zagrabiensis. The Linen Book of Zagreb: A Comment on the Longest Etruscan Text. By L.B. VAN DER MEER. (Monographs on Antiquity.) Louvain: Peeters, 2007</ref>