Editing Python (programming language) (section)

{{Short description|General-purpose programming language}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{Use American English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox programming language
| logo = Python-logo-notext.svg
| logo size = 150px
| paradigm = [[Multi-paradigm]]: [[object-oriented]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=General Python FAQ – Python 3 documentation|url=https://docs.python.org/3/faq/general.html#what-is-python|access-date=2024-07-07|website=docs.python.org}}</ref> [[Procedural programming|procedural]] ([[Imperative programming|imperative]]), [[Functional programming|functional]], [[Structured programming|structured]], [[Reflective programming|reflective]]
| released = {{start date and age|1991|02|20|df=y}}<ref name="alt-sources-history">{{cite web |url=https://www.tuhs.org/Usenet/alt.sources/1991-February/001749.html |title=Python 0.9.1 part 01/21 |publisher=alt.sources archives |access-date=2021-08-11 |archive-date=11 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811171015/https://www.tuhs.org/Usenet/alt.sources/1991-February/001749.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
| designer = [[Guido van Rossum]]
| developer = [[Python Software Foundation]]
| latest release version = {{wikidata|property|P548=Q2804309|P348}}
| latest release date = {{start date and age|{{wikidata|qualifier|single|P548=Q2804309|P348|P577}}}}
| latest preview version = {{wikidata|property|edit|reference|P548=Q51930650|P348}}
| latest preview date = {{start date and age|{{wikidata|qualifier|single|P548=Q51930650|P348|P577}}}}
| typing = [[Duck typing|duck]], [[Dynamic typing|dynamic]], [[Strong and weak typing|strong]];<ref>{{Cite web|title=Why is Python a dynamic language and also a strongly typed language |url=https://wiki.python.org/moin/Why%20is%20Python%20a%20dynamic%20language%20and%20also%20a%20strongly%20typed%20language|access-date=2021-01-27|website=Python Wiki |archive-date=14 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210314173706/https://wiki.python.org/moin/Why%20is%20Python%20a%20dynamic%20language%20and%20also%20a%20strongly%20typed%20language|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Optional typing|optional type annotations]] (since 3.5, but those hints are ignored, except with unofficial tools)<ref name="type_hint-PEP">{{cite web|url=https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0483/|title=PEP 483 – The Theory of Type Hints|website=Python.org|access-date=14 June 2018|archive-date=14 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614153558/https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0483/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| implementations = [[CPython]], [[PyPy]], [[Stackless Python]], [[MicroPython]], [[CircuitPython]], [[IronPython]], [[Jython]]
| operating system = {{plainlist|
*'''Tier 1''': 64-bit [[Linux]], [[macOS]]; 64- and 32-bit [[Windows]] 10+<ref>{{Cite web |title=PEP 11 – CPython platform support {{!}} peps.python.org |url=https://peps.python.org/pep-0011/ |access-date=2024-04-22 |website=Python Enhancement Proposals (PEPs) |language=en}}</ref><!-- Not "Windows for IoT and embedded systems"; NOT UNIX, it's not listed, nor any Unix-like, maybe implied Possibly Windows 8.1 is also supported on at least Python 3.9? Might also work on latest, seems too minor to mention, for any Python version. Windows 7 and 8 are prevented to work on Python 3.9, though it might not rule out 8.1, also some info like this might be a bit wrong:

"Windows 8 and newer for Python 3.9
FreeBSD 10 and newer
macOS Snow Leopard (macOS 10.6, 2008) and newer"
-->
*'''Tier 2''': E.g. 32-bit [[WebAssembly]] (WASI) <!-- (WASI SDK, Wasmtime) meaning wasm32-unknown-wasi; wasm32-unknown-emscripten is unsupported since 3.13. aarch64-pc-windows-msvc and powerpc64le-unknown-linux-gnu -->
*'''Tier 3''': 64-bit [[Android (operating system)|Android]]<!-- too much trivia to mention "5.0+", even if true, it seemingly is, and corresponding API levels, but thouse are ancient, possibly even only way more recent is officially supported? -->,<ref>{{Cite web |title=PEP 738 – Adding Android as a supported platform {{!}} peps.python.org |url=https://peps.python.org/pep-0738/ |access-date=2024-05-19 |website=Python Enhancement Proposals (PEPs) |language=en}}</ref> [[iOS]], [[FreeBSD]], and (32-bit) [[Raspberry Pi OS]]<br />Unofficial (or has been known to work): Other [[Unix-like]]/[[BSD]] variants) and a few other platforms<!-- Used to support many more, only few support latest 3.9+ --><ref>{{Cite web |title=Download Python for Other Platforms |url=https://www.python.org/download/other/ |access-date=2023-08-18 |website=Python.org |language=en |archive-date=27 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127015815/https://www.python.org/download/other/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=test – Regression tests package for Python – Python 3.7.13 documentation |url=https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/test.html?highlight=android#test.support.is_android |access-date=2022-05-17 |website=docs.python.org |archive-date=17 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517151240/https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/test.html?highlight=android#test.support.is_android |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=platform – Access to underlying platform's identifying data – Python 3.10.4 documentation |url=https://docs.python.org/3/library/platform.html?highlight=android |access-date=2022-05-17 |website=docs.python.org |archive-date=17 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517150826/https://docs.python.org/3/library/platform.html?highlight=android |url-status=live}}</ref>}}

<!--
https://mail.python.org/archives/list/python-committers@python.org/thread/K757345KX6W5ZLTWYBUXOXQTJJTL7GW5/

* Alpine / musl is not supported, because our test suite is failing due to bugs and missing features in musl libc.
* NetBSD and OpenBSD are in a similar state as Alpine: no stable buildbot and AFAIK tests are failing
* [outdated]
* Cygwin and MinGW are officially unsupported, see bpo-45537 and bpo-45538

..

The policy Brett is proposing just makes that explicit and gives us something to point to when someone comes up with a patch to support PDP-11 or when someone's patch for Android breaks Windows.  I don't think we'll wind up with tier support police; if a core dev wants to take responsibility for a patch for a platform that is not tier 3 or above they can still do that, but if it breaks things for a supported platform it will be reverted.

..

E.g. Android support was even funded by the PSF recently. [outdated]
Also note that the stdlib does in fact support other Python implementations reusing (parts of) it, e.g. Jython, PyPy and IronPython. Again, without core devs backing these.
-->
| license = [[Python Software Foundation License]]
| file ext = .py, .pyw, .pyz,<!-- Too much trivia?: (since 3.5), since 3.8 latest supported and Python 3.5.10 Sept. 5, 2020--><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0441/ |last=Holth |first=Moore |date=30 March 2014 |access-date=12 November 2015 |title=PEP 0441 – Improving Python ZIP Application Support |archive-date=26 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226141117/https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0441/%20 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
.pyi, .pyc, .pyd<!-- too much trivia: .pyo (before 3.5)<ref>File extension .pyo was removed in Python 3.5. See [https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0488/ PEP 0488] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200601133202/https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0488/ |date=1 June 2020}}</ref> -->
| website = {{URL|https://www.python.org/|python.org}}
| dialects = [[Cython]], [[RPython]], [[Bazel (software)|Starlark]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Starlark Language|url=https://docs.bazel.build/versions/master/skylark/language.html|access-date=25 May 2019|archive-date=15 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615140534/https://docs.bazel.build/versions/master/skylark/language.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| influenced by = [[ABC (programming language)|ABC]],<ref name="faq-created"/> [[Ada (programming language)|Ada]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.adaic.com/standards/83lrm/html/lrm-11-03.html#11.3 |title=Ada 83 Reference Manual (raise statement) |access-date=7 January 2020 |archive-date=22 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022155758/http://archive.adaic.com/standards/83lrm/html/lrm-11-03.html#11.3 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[ALGOL 68]],<ref name="98-interview"/> <br />[[APL (programming language)|APL]],<ref name="python.org">{{cite web|url=https://docs.python.org/3/library/itertools.html|title=itertools – Functions creating iterators for efficient looping – Python 3.7.1 documentation|website=docs.python.org|access-date=22 November 2016|archive-date=14 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614153629/https://docs.python.org/3/library/itertools.html |quote=This module implements a number of iterator building blocks inspired by constructs from APL, Haskell, and SML. |url-status=live}}</ref> [[C (programming language)|C]],<ref name="AutoNT-1"/> [[C++]],<ref name="classmix"/> [[CLU (programming language)|CLU]],<ref name="effbot-call-by-object"/> [[Dylan (programming language)|Dylan]],<ref name="AutoNT-2"/> <br />[[Haskell]],<ref name="AutoNT-3"/><ref name="python.org"/> [[Icon (programming language)|Icon]],<ref name="AutoNT-4"/> [[Lisp (programming language)|Lisp]],<ref name="AutoNT-6"/> {{nowrap|<br />[[Modula-3]]}},{{r|98-interview}}<ref name="classmix"/> [[Perl]],<ref>{{cite web |title=re – Regular expression operations – Python 3.10.6 documentation |url=https://docs.python.org/3/library/re.html |website=docs.python.org |access-date=2022-09-06 |quote=This module provides regular expression matching operations similar to those found in Perl. |archive-date=18 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718132241/https://docs.python.org/3/library/re.html |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Standard ML]]<ref name="python.org"/>
| influenced = [[Apache Groovy]], [[Boo (programming language)|Boo]], [[Cobra (programming language)|Cobra]], [[CoffeeScript]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://coffeescript.org/|title=CoffeeScript|website=coffeescript.org|access-date=3 July 2018|archive-date=12 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612100004/http://coffeescript.org/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[D (programming language)|D]], [[F Sharp (programming language)|F#]], [[GDScript]], [[Go (programming language)|Go]], [[JavaScript]],<ref>{{cite web
  |title=Perl and Python influences in JavaScript
  |date=24 February 2013
  |website=www.2ality.com
  |url=https://www.2ality.com/2013/02/javascript-influences.html
  |access-date=15 May 2015
  |archive-date=26 December 2018
  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226141121/http://2ality.com/2013/02/javascript-influences.html%0A
  |url-status=live
  }}</ref><ref>{{cite web
  |title=Chapter 3: The Nature of JavaScript; Influences
  |last=Rauschmayer
  |first=Axel
  |website=O'Reilly, Speaking JavaScript
  |url=http://speakingjs.com/es5/ch03.html
  |access-date=15 May 2015
  |archive-date=26 December 2018
  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226141123/http://speakingjs.com/es5/ch03.html%0A
  |url-status=live
  }}</ref> [[Julia (programming language)|Julia]],<ref name=Julia/> [[Mojo (programming language)|Mojo]],<ref name="Mojo">{{Cite web |last=Krill |first=Paul |date=2023-05-04 |title=Mojo language marries Python and MLIR for AI development |url=https://www.infoworld.com/article/3695588/mojo-language-marries-python-and-mlir-for-ai-development.html |access-date=2023-05-05 |website=InfoWorld |language=en |archive-date=5 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230505064554/https://www.infoworld.com/article/3695588/mojo-language-marries-python-and-mlir-for-ai-development.html |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Nim (programming language)|Nim]], [[Ring (programming language)|Ring]],<ref name="The Ring programming language and other languages">{{cite web |url=https://ring-lang.sourceforge.net/doc1.6/introduction.html#ring-and-other-languages |title=Ring and other languages |author=Ring Team |date=4 December 2017 |work=ring-lang.net |publisher=[[ring-lang]] |access-date=4 December 2017 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225175312/http://ring-lang.sourceforge.net/doc1.6/introduction.html#ring-and-other-languages |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Ruby (programming language)|Ruby]],<ref name="bini"/> [[Swift (programming language)|Swift]],<ref name="lattner2014">{{Cite web |url=http://nondot.org/sabre/ |title=Chris Lattner's Homepage |last=Lattner |first=Chris |date=3 June 2014 |access-date=3 June 2014 |publisher=Chris Lattner |quote=The Swift language is the product of tireless effort from a team of language experts, documentation gurus, compiler optimization ninjas, and an incredibly important internal dogfooding group who provided feedback to help refine and battle-test ideas. Of course, it also greatly benefited from the experiences hard-won by many other languages in the field, drawing ideas from Objective-C, Rust, Haskell, Ruby, Python, C#, CLU, and far too many others to list. |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225175312/http://nondot.org/sabre/ |url-status=live}}</ref> [[V (programming language)|V]]<ref name="vpeople">{{Cite web |title=V documentation (Introduction) |url=https://github.com/vlang/v/blob/master/doc/docs.md#introduction |access-date=2024-12-24|website=GitHub |language=en}}</ref>
<!-- Do not put in as there's also a pure Java implementation (Jython): | programming language = [[C (programming language)|C]] -->
| wikibooks = Python Programming
}}

'''Python''' is a [[high-level programming language|high-level]], [[general-purpose programming language]]. Its design philosophy emphasizes [[code readability]] with the use of [[significant indentation]].<ref name="AutoNT-7"/>

Python is [[type system#DYNAMIC|dynamically type-checked]] and [[garbage collection (computer science)|garbage-collected]]. It supports multiple [[programming paradigm]]s, including [[structured programming|structured]] (particularly [[procedural programming|procedural]]), [[object-oriented]] and [[functional programming]]. It is often described as a "batteries included" language due to its comprehensive [[standard library]].<ref name="About"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=PEP 206 – Python Advanced Library|url=https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0206/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505003659/https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0206/|archive-date=5 May 2021|access-date=11 October 2021|website=Python.org}}</ref>

[[Guido van Rossum]] began working on Python in the late 1980s as a successor to the [[ABC (programming language)|ABC]] programming language, and he first released it in 1991 as Python&nbsp;0.9.0.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rossum|first=Guido Van|date=2009-01-20|title=The History of Python: A Brief Timeline of Python|url=https://python-history.blogspot.com/2009/01/brief-timeline-of-python.html|access-date=2021-03-05|website=The History of Python|archive-date=5 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605032200/https://python-history.blogspot.com/2009/01/brief-timeline-of-python.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Python&nbsp;2.0 was released in 2000. Python&nbsp;3.0, released in 2008, was a major revision not completely [[backward-compatible]] with earlier versions. Python&nbsp;2.7.18, released in 2020, was the last release of Python&nbsp;2.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pythoninsider.blogspot.com/2020/04/python-2718-last-release-of-python-2.html|title= Python 2.7.18, the last release of Python 2|last=Peterson|first=Benjamin|date=20 April 2020|website=Python Insider|access-date=27 April 2020|archive-date=26 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200426204118/https://pythoninsider.blogspot.com/2020/04/python-2718-last-release-of-python-2.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Python consistently ranks as one of the most popular programming languages, and it has gained widespread use in the [[machine learning]] community.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stack Overflow Developer Survey 2022 |url=https://survey.stackoverflow.co/2022/ |access-date=2022-08-12 |website=Stack Overflow |language=en |archive-date=27 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627175307/https://survey.stackoverflow.co/2022/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The State of Developer Ecosystem in 2020 Infographic|url=https://www.jetbrains.com/lp/devecosystem-2020/|access-date=2021-03-05|website=JetBrains: Developer Tools for Professionals and Teams|language=en|archive-date=1 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301062411/https://www.jetbrains.com/lp/devecosystem-2020/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="tiobecurrent">{{cite web |title=TIOBE Index |publisher=TIOBE |url=https://www.tiobe.com/tiobe-index/ |access-date=3 January 2023 |quote=The TIOBE Programming Community index is an indicator of the popularity of programming languages |archive-date=25 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180225101948/https://www.tiobe.com/tiobe-index/ |url-status=live}} Updated as required.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=PYPL PopularitY of Programming Language index|url=https://pypl.github.io/PYPL.html|access-date=2021-03-26|website=pypl.github.io|language=en|archive-date=14 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170314232030/https://pypl.github.io/PYPL.html|url-status=live}}</ref>