Editing Qasim Amin (section)

{{Short description|Egyptian writer, judge and social reformer (1863–1908)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
[[File:Qasim Amin.jpg|thumb|Qasim Amin.]]
'''Qasim Amin''' ({{IPA|arz|ˈʔæːsem ʔæˈmiːn|pron}}, {{langx|arz|قاسم أمين}}{{ltr}}; 1 December 1863 &ndash; 12 April 1908)<ref name="autogenerated3">Political and diplomatic history of the Arab world, 1900-1967, Menahem Mansoor</ref> was an Egyptian jurist,<ref>^ Nelson, Cynthia (1996), Doria Shafik, Egyptian feminist: a woman apart, American Univ in Cairo Press, p. 27, ISBN 977-424-413-3</ref> [[Islamic Modernism|Islamic Modernist]]<ref name=Qasim-61>{{cite book |editor1-last=Kurzman |editor1-first=Charles |title=Modernist Islam, 1840-1940: A Sourcebook |date=2002 |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=61–9 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W4OKaz5dzdYC&q=%5BIslamic+Modernist%5D+Qasim+Amin&pg=PA61 |access-date=12 November 2014 |chapter=The Emancipation of Woman and the New Woman|isbn=9780195154689 }}</ref> and one of the founders of the Egyptian national movement and [[Cairo University]]. Qasim Amin has been historically viewed as one of the [[Arab world]]'s "first feminists", although he joined the discourse on women's rights quite late in its development,<ref>Hatem, Mervat F. (2004) "The Nineteenth Century Discursive Roots of the Continuing Debate on the Social-Sexual Contract in Today's Egypt." ''HAWWA'', vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 64-66.</ref> and his "feminism" has been the subject of scholarly controversy. Amin was a philosopher, a reformer, and a judge, besides being a member of Egypt's aristocratic class, and a central figure in the [[Nahda|Nahda movement]]. His advocacy of greater rights for women catalyzed debate over women's issues in the Arab world.<ref name=ODI>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Amin, Qasim|editor=John L. Esposito|encyclopedia=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2014|isbn=978-0-19-512558-0 |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195125580.001.0001/acref-9780195125580-e-149|url-access=subscription }}</ref> He criticized veiling, seclusion, early marriage, and lack of education of Muslim women.<ref name=ODI/> More recent scholarship has argued that he internalized a colonialist discourse on women's issues in the Islamic world, regarded Egyptian women as objects serving to achieve national aspirations, and in practice advocated reforms that diminished the legal rights of women in marriage contracts.<ref name=":1">{{cite book |title=Women and Gender in Islam |last=Ahmed |first=Leila |publisher=Yale University Press |year=1992 |isbn=0-300-05583-8 |location=New Haven and London |pages=[https://archive.org/details/womengenderinisl00ahme/page/160 160] |url=https://archive.org/details/womengenderinisl00ahme/page/160 }}</ref><ref name=ODI/><ref>Hatem, Mervat F.: The Nineteenth-Century Discursive Roots of the Continuing Debate on the Social-Sexual Contract in Today’s Egypt. Hawwa, 2004, 2:1, pp82-86.</ref>

Greatly influenced by the works of [[Charles Darwin|Darwin]], Amin is quoted as saying: "If Egyptians did not modernize along European lines and if they were unable to compete successfully in the struggle for survival they would be eliminated". He was also influenced by the works of [[Herbert Spencer]] and [[John Stuart Mill]] who argued for equality of the sexes. Amin believed that heightening women's status in society must greatly improve the nation.<ref>Smith, Charles D. "Islam and The Search for Social Order in Modern Egypt: A Biography of Muhammad Husayn Haykal."Middle Eastern Studies. New York: State University of New York Press,1983 : 233.</ref> His friendships with [[Muhammad Abduh]] and [[Saad Zaghloul]] also influenced this thinking. Amin blamed traditional Moslems for Egyptian women's oppression, saying that the [[Quran]] does not teach this subjugation but rather supports women's rights. His beliefs were often supported by [[Quran|Quranic verses]].<ref>"The Liberation of Women and The New Woman. Two Documents in the History of Egyptian Feminism," trans. S. Sidhom Peterson, Cairo 2000.</ref>

Amin was born into an aristocratic family. His father was a governor of Diyarbekir Elayet, and his mother was the daughter of an Egyptian aristocrat. Amin finished law school when he was seventeen and was one of 37 to receive a government scholarship to study at the [[University of Montpellier]] in France. He is said to have been influenced by Western culture, especially its treatment of women, and this became a role model in his struggle to liberate Egyptian women. His crusade began in 1894 when he wrote "Les Egyptiens. Response a M. Le duc d'Harcourt", a rebuttal to Duke d'Harcourt's work (1893), which downgraded Egyptian culture and its women.<ref>Les Egyptiens. Response a M. le Duc D'Harcourt, Cairo 1894.</ref> Amin, not satisfied with his own rebuttal, wrote "Tahrir al mara'a" (The Liberation of Women) in 1899, in which he blamed Egyptian women's "veiling", their lack of education, and their "slavery" to Egyptian men as the cause of Egypt's weakness.<ref name="autogenerated2">Tahrir al-mar'a ("The Liberation of Women"), Cairo 1899.</ref> He believed that Egyptian women were the backbone of a strong nationalistic people and, therefore, their roles in society should drastically change to better the nation. Amin is known throughout Egypt as a member of the intellectual society who drew connections between education and nationalism leading to the development of Cairo University and the National Movement during the early 1900s.