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Quantum turbulence
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'''Quantum turbulence'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Barenghi |first=Carlo F. |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/quantum-turbulence/9EE30D113AA9A1179A9A23571316D6E3 |title=Quantum Turbulence |last2=Skrbek |first2=Ladislav |last3=Sreenivasan |first3=Katepalli R. |date=2023 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-009-34566-8 |location=Cambridge}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Barenghi|first1=C. F.|last2=Skrbek|first2=L.|last3=Sreenivasan|first3=K. R.|date=2014-03-25|title=Introduction to quantum turbulence|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=111|issue=Supplement 1|pages=4647–4652|doi=10.1073/pnas.1400033111|pmid=24704870|pmc=3970860|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last1=Skrbek|first1=L.|last2=Schmoranzer|first2=D.|last3=Midlik|first3=Š.|last4=Sreenivasan|first4=K. R.|date=2021-04-20|title=Phenomenology of quantum turbulence in superfluid helium|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=118|issue=16|pages=e2018406118|doi=10.1073/pnas.2018406118|issn=0027-8424|pmid=33790051|pmc=8072252|bibcode=2021PNAS..11818406S |doi-access=free }}</ref> is the name given to the [[Turbulence|turbulent]] flow – the chaotic motion of a fluid at high flow rates – of [[quantum fluid]]s, such as [[Superfluid helium|superfluids]]. The idea that a form of turbulence might be possible in a superfluid via the quantized vortex lines was first suggested by [[Richard Feynman]]. The dynamics of quantum fluids are governed by [[quantum mechanics]], rather than classical physics which govern [[Classical fluid|classical (ordinary) fluids]]. Some examples of quantum fluids include superfluid helium ([[superfluid helium-4|<sup>4</sup>He]] and [[Cooper pair]]s of [[superfluid helium-3|<sup>3</sup>He]]), [[Bose–Einstein condensate]]s (BECs), [[polariton]] condensates, and [[nuclear pasta]] theorized to exist inside [[neutron star]]s. Quantum fluids exist at temperatures below the critical temperature <math>T_c</math> at which Bose-Einstein condensation<ref>{{Cite book|last=Annett|first=J. F.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WZcXmBrZIc8C&q=Superconductivity%2C+Superfluids+and+Condensates+%28Oxford+Univ+Press%2C+Oxford%29.&pg=PA1|title=Superconductivity, Superfluids and Condensates|date=2004-03-25|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-850756-7|language=en}}</ref> takes place.
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