Editing Quinoa (section)

{{short description|Edible plant in the family Amaranthaceae}}
{{for|the album by Tangerine Dream|Quinoa (album)}}
{{Use American English|date=November 2024}}
{{cs1 config|name-list-style=vanc|display-authors=3}}
{{use dmy dates|date=June 2020}} 
{{speciesbox
|name = Quinoa
|image = Reismelde.jpg
|genus = Chenopodium
|species = quinoa
 |authority = [[Carl Ludwig Willdenow|Willd.]]
|synonyms = 
{{Plainlist |style = margin-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em; |
*''Chenopodium canihua'' <small>[[Orator F. Cook|O.F. Cook]]</small>
*''Chenopodium ccoyto'' <small>[[John Torrey|Torr.]]</small>
*''Chenopodium ccuchi-huila'' <small>[[John Torrey|Torr.]]</small>
*''Chenopodium chilense'' <small>[[Christiaan Hendrik Persoon|Pers.]]</small> [[validly published name|nom. inval.]]
*''Chenopodium guinoa'' <small>[[Anton Johann Krocker|Krock.]]</small>
*''Chenopodium nuttalliae'' <small>[[William Edwin Safford|Saff.]]</small>
}}
|synonyms_ref = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2717733 |title=The Plant List: A working list of all plant species |access-date=1 May 2019}}</ref>
|range_map = Quinoa Distribution.png
|range_map_caption = Natural distribution in red, Cultivation in green
}}
'''Quinoa''' ('''''Chenopodium quinoa'''''; {{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|iː|n|.|w|ɑː|,_|k|i|ˈ|n|oʊ|.|ə}},<ref>{{cite Dictionary.com|quinoa}}</ref><ref>{{cite Merriam-Webster|quinoa}}</ref><ref>{{cite American Heritage Dictionary|quinoa}}</ref> from [[Quechuan languages|Quechua]] ''{{lang|qu|kinwa}}'' or ''{{lang|qu|kinuwa}}'')<ref>{{Ref Laime}}</ref> is a flowering plant in the [[Amaranthaceae|amaranth family]]. It is a herbaceous [[annual plant]] grown as a [[crop]] primarily for its edible [[seed]]s; the seeds are high in [[protein]], [[dietary fiber]], [[B vitamins]] and [[mineral (nutrient)|dietary mineral]]s especially potassium and magnesium in amounts greater than in many grains.<ref name="FAOquinoaancientcrop" >{{Cite tech report |title=Quinoa: An ancient crop to contribute to world food security |author-last1=Bojanic |author-first1=Alan |others=Rojas, Wilfredo (Coordinator), (PROINPA), Alandia, Gabriela, Irigoyen, Jimena, Blajos, Jorge (Technical team), Santivañez, Tania (FAO) |url=https://www.fao.org/docrep/017/aq287e/aq287e.pdf |department=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]] |publisher=FAO |publication-place=[[Quito]] |publication-date=July 2011 |access-date=22 May 2018}}</ref> Quinoa is not a [[Poaceae|grass]] but rather a [[pseudocereal]] [[botany|botanically related]] to [[spinach]] and [[amaranth]] (''Amaranthus'' spp.), and originated in the [[Andes|Andean region]] of northwestern South America.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fuentes |first1=F. F. |last2=Martinez |first2=E. A. |last3=Hinrichsen |first3=P. V. |last4=Jellen |first4=E. N. |last5=Maughan |first5=P. J. |date=2009-04-01 |title=Assessment of genetic diversity patterns in Chilean quinoa (''Chenopodium quinoa'' Willd.) germplasm using multiplex fluorescent microsatellite markers |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-008-9604-3 |journal=Conservation Genetics |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=369–377 |doi=10.1007/s10592-008-9604-3 |bibcode=2009ConG...10..369F |issn=1572-9737 |hdl=10533/128026 |s2cid=39564604|url-access=subscription }}</ref> It was first used to feed livestock 5,200{{ndash}}7,000 years ago, and for human consumption 3,000{{ndash}}4,000 years ago in the [[Lake Titicaca]] basin of Peru and Bolivia.<ref name="Quinoa: Production, Consumption and Social Value in Historical Context">{{cite report |url=http://lasa.international.pitt.edu/members/congress-papers/lasa2009/files/KolataAlanL.pdf |year=2009 |title=Quinoa: Production, Consumption and Social Value in Historical Context |last=Kolata |first=Alan L. |department=Department of Anthropology |publisher=The University of Chicago}}</ref>

The plant thrives at high elevations and produces seeds that are rich in protein.<ref name=leonard>{{cite book |last=Leonard |first=Jonathan Norton |author-link= |date=1970 |title=Recipes, Latin American cooking |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J8SLxAEACAAJ |location= |publisher=Time-Life International (Nederlands) |page=21 |isbn=9780809400638}}</ref> Almost all production in the Andean region is done by small farms and associations. Its cultivation has spread to more than 70 countries, including Kenya, India, the United States, and European countries.<ref name=FAO2013>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/quinoa-2013/what-is-quinoa/distribution-and-production/en/ |title=Distribution and production |access-date=25 June 2019 |department=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]] |publisher=United Nations |year=2013}}</ref> As a result of increased consumption in North America, Europe, and [[Australasia]], quinoa crop prices tripled between 2006 and 2014, entering a boom and bust cycle.<ref name="amrc">{{cite web |title=Quinoa |series=Grains & oilseeds |url=https://www.agmrc.org/commodities-products/grains-oilseeds/quinoa |department=Agricultural Marketing Resource Center |publisher=U.S. Department of Agriculture |access-date=12 December 2024 |date=April 2022}}</ref><ref name="The Guardian">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/jan/16/vegans-stomach-unpalatable-truth-quinoa |title=Can vegans stomach the unpalatable truth about quinoa? |newspaper=The Guardian |date=16 January 2013 |location=London, UK |first=Joanna |last=Blythman |access-date=17 Jan 2013}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Andrango |first1=Graciela |last2=Johnson |first2=Amy |last3=Bellemare |first3=Marc F. |date=2020 |title=Quinoa Production and Growth Potential in Bolivia, Ecuador, and Peru |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27098579 |journal=Choices |volume=35 |issue=4 |pages=1–10 |issn=0886-5558 |jstor=27098579}}</ref>

The quinoa [[monoculture]] that arose from increased production, combined with [[climate change]] effects in the native Andean region, created challenges for production and yield, and led to [[environmental degradation]].