Editing Quraysh (section)

{{Short description|Mecca-based Adnanite tribe of Arabia}}
{{About||the Quran's 106th chapter|Quraysh (surah)|other uses|}}
{{Infobox tribe
| name = Quraysh
| local name = {{langn|ar|قُرَيْشٍ}}
| type = Settled [[Adnanite]] [[Tribes of Arabia|tribe of Arabia]]
| image = Quraysh Flag.svg
| image_size = 
| alt = 
| caption = The purported Quraysh flag that was flown during the [[Battle of Siffin]] in July 657
| nisba = al-Qurashī&nbsp;({{lang|ar|الْقُرَشِي|rtl=yes}})
| location = [[Mecca]], [[Hejaz]], Arabia
| descended = [[Fihr ibn Malik]]
| parent_tribe = [[Kinana]]
| branches = {{Collapsible list
| title = {{nobold|''See list:''}}
| 
*Banu al-Harith
*[[Lu'ayy ibn Ghalib|Banu Lu'ayy ibn Ghalib]]
**Banu 'Amir
**[[Ka'b ibn Lu'ayy|Banu Ka'b]]
***[[Banu Adi]]
***[[Murrah ibn Ka'b|Banu Murra]]
****[[Banu Taym]]
****Banu Yaqaza
*****[[Banu Makhzum]]
****[[Kilab ibn Murrah|Banu Kilab]]
*****[[Banu Zuhra]]
*****[[Qusai ibn Kilab|Banu Qusayy]]
******[[Banu Abd al-Dar|Banu 'Abd al-Dar]]
******[[Abd Manaf ibn Qusai|Banu 'Abd Manaf]] 
*******[[Banu Abd Shams]]
*******[[Banu Nawfal]]
*******[[Banu Hashim]]
*******[[Muttalib ibn Abd Manaf|Banu Mutallib]]
******Banu 'Abd al-Uzza
*******[[Asad ibn Abd al-Uzza|Banu Asad]]
***Banu Husays
****Banu 'Amr
*****[[Banu Sahm]]
*****[[Banu Jumah]]}}
| religion = [[Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia|Arab polytheism]] (before 630)<br />[[Islam]] (630–present)
| ethnicity = [[Arabs|Arab]]
}}
{{Muhammad}}
[[File:Pre_Islamic_Arabian_Tribes_(Harold_Dixon).svg|thumb|387x387px|Map of the [[Arabian Peninsula]] in 600 AD, showing the various Arab tribes and their areas of settlement. The [[Lakhmid kingdom|Lakhmids]] (yellow) formed an Arab monarchy as clients of the [[Sasanian Empire]], while the [[Ghassanids]] (red) formed an Arab monarchy as clients of the [[Roman Empire]] A map published by the British academic Harold Dixon during [[World War I]], showing the presence of the Arab tribes in [[West Asia]], 1914]]
The '''Quraysh''' ({{langx|ar|قُرَيْشٍ}}) are an [[Tribes of Arabia|Arab tribe]] who controlled [[Mecca]] before the rise of [[Islam]]. Their members were divided into ten main clans, most notably including the [[Banu Hashim]], into which Islam's founding prophet [[Muhammad]] was born. By the seventh century, they had become wealthy merchants, dominating trade between the [[Indian Ocean]], [[East Africa]], and the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]].{{Sfn|Bosworth|Lewis|Pellat|Donzel|1998|p=434}} The tribe ran caravans to [[Gaza City|Gaza]] and [[Damascus]] in summer and to [[Yemen (region)|Yemen]] in winter, while also mining and pursuing other enterprises on these routes.{{Sfn|Bosworth|Lewis|Pellat|Donzel|1998|p=435}}

When Muhammad [[Muhammad's first revelation|began preaching Islam]] in Mecca, the Quraysh initially showed little concern. However, their opposition to his activities quickly grew as he increasingly challenged [[Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia|Arab polytheism]], which was prevalent throughout [[pre-Islamic Arabia]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993|p=364}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-24 |title=Muhammad {{!}} Biography, History, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Muhammad |access-date=2023-05-27 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>{{sfn|Lewis|2002|p=35–36}} As relations deteriorated, Muhammad and [[Early Muslims|his followers]] migrated to [[Medina]] (the journey known as the [[Hijrah]]) after negotiating with the [[Banu Aws]] and the [[Banu Khazraj]] to mediate their conflict.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993|p=364-367}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aws and Khazraj |url=https://www.brown.edu/Departments/Joukowsky_Institute/courses/islamicarch2011/14180.html |access-date=2023-05-27 |website=www.brown.edu}}</ref> However, the two sides proved unable to reach a peaceful resolution, and the Quraysh continued to obstruct Muhammad's community's attempts to perform the [[Islamic pilgrimage|Islamic pilgrimage at Mecca]], prompting him to confront them through armed conflict, primarily by conducting raids on their caravans.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993|p=269}} These raids eventually escalated into several major battles, including those at [[Battle of Badr|Badr]], [[Battle of Uhud|Uhud]], and "[[Battle of the Trench|the Trench]]" (Medina's outskirts).{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993|p=369-370}} Following these engagements and changes in Medina's political landscape, including the expulsion of three [[Jewish tribes of Arabia|Jewish tribes]], Muhammad reportedly shifted the focus of [[Military career of Muhammad|his military campaigns]] from Quraysh caravans to the northern Arab tribes, such as the [[Banu Lahyan]] and the [[Banu Mustaliq]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993|p=370}}

As Muhammad's position in Medina [[First Islamic State|became more established]], attitudes towards him in his hometown became more approving. The [[Treaty of al-Hudaybiya]] formalized a ten-year truce (beginning in March 628) with the Quraysh and allowed Muhammad to perform [[Umrah]] in Mecca in the following year. During this pilgrimage, Muhammad reconciled with his clan, as symbolized by his marriage to [[Maymunah bint al-Harith|Maymuna bint al-Harith]]. Further, several prominent Meccans, such as [[Khalid ibn al-Walid]] and [[Amr ibn al-As]], recognized Muhammad's increasing influence in Arab society and [[Conversion to Islam|converted to Islam]], thereafter coming to play a pivotal role in the [[early Muslim conquests]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993|p=371}}

According to Muslim sources, the Treaty of al-Hudaybiya was broken by the Quraysh approximately two years after it was ratified; a belligerent party within the tribe, acting against the advice of their chief [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], had supported one of their client clans in a conflict against the [[Banu Khuza'ah]], who were allied with Muhammad, prompting him to march with an army of 10,000 men to besiege Mecca. Confronted by the incoming force, Abu Sufyan and others, including Muhammad's ally [[Khuza'i Budayl ibn Warqa]], met with Muhammad to request amnesty for all Quraysh members who did not resist his advance. Thus, Muhammad and his troops [[Conquest of Mecca|entered Mecca virtually unopposed]], and almost all of the city's inhabitants converted to Islam.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993|p=372}} After Muhammad's death in 632, [[Caliph|leadership of the Muslim community]] traditionally passed to a person belonging to the Quraysh, as was the case with the [[Rashidun]], the [[Umayyad dynasty|Umayyads]], and the [[Abbasid dynasty|Abbasids]], and purportedly with the [[Fatimid dynasty|Fatimids]].