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Ramon Llull
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{{Short description|Majorcan writer and philosopher (c. 1232 – 1316)}} {{Other uses}} {{Redirect|Llull|the Spanish basketball player|Sergio Llull|the medieval Spanish businesswoman|Caterina Llull i Sabastida}} {{Infobox saint <!-- for more information see [[:Template:Infobox saint/doc]] --> | honorific-prefix = [[Beatification|Blessed]] | name = Ramon Llull | caption = [[Anachronism|Anachronistic]] portrait of Ramon Llull by [[Francisco Ribalta]] (1620) | honorific-suffix = [[Third Order of Saint Francis|TOSF]] | birth_date = {{c.|1232}} | death_date = {{death year and age|1316|1232}} | feast_day= 30 June ([[Third Order of St. Francis]]) | venerated_in= [[Catholic Church]] | image = Francisco Ribalta - Ramon Llull - Google Art Project.jpg | birth_place = [[Palma, Mallorca|City of Mallorca]], [[Kingdom of Majorca]]<br/><small>(now Palma, Spain)</small> | titles = | beatified_date = 11 September 1847 | beatified_place = | beatified_by = [[Pope Pius IX]] | module = {{Infobox philosopher | embed = yes | name = Ramon Llull | image = Ramon Llull.jpg | caption = Anachronistic image of Ramon Llull with [[speech scroll]], by an unknown artist (16th–17th century) | school_tradition = [[Lullism]] | era = [[Medieval philosophy]] | region = [[Western philosophy]] | main_interests = {{hlist|[[Christian theology]]|[[philosophy]]|[[logic]]|[[mathematics]]}} | notable_works = {{Flatlist}} *''[[Blanquerna]]'' *''[[Tree of Science (Ramon Llull)|Tree of Science]]'' *''[[Ars Magna (Llull book)|Ars Magna]]'' {{Endflatlist}} | notable_ideas = {{Flatlist}} *[[Lullism|Lullist thought]] *[[election theory]] *{{nowr|[[computation theory]]}} {{Endflatlist}} }} }} '''Ramon Llull''' {{post-nominals|post-noms=[[Third Order of Saint Francis|TOSF]]}} ({{IPAc-en|l|ʌ|l}}; {{IPA|ca|rəˈmoɲ ˈʎuʎ|lang}}; {{c.|1232}}{{efn|Born 1232 per Mark D. Johnston in ''[[Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]'' (London: Routledge, 1998). Older sources (such as versions of ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' at least up to 1955) give 1235; the current ''Britannica'' gives 1232–1233.}} – 1316),{{efn|Variously [[Onomastic Latinization|latinized]] as ''Raimundus''/''Raymundus Lullus''/''Lulius''/''Lullius''.}} sometimes anglicized as ''Raymond Lully'',<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hailstone|title=Raymond Lully |journal=The University Magazine |date=1871|volume=78 |issue= 463 |pages=78(463), 43-60 |url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/05fd54736fed39e1/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=2190 }}</ref> was a [[philosopher]], [[theologian]], [[poet]], [[missionary]], [[Christian apologist]] and former knight from the [[Kingdom of Majorca]]. He invented a philosophical system known as the ''Art'', conceived as a type of universal logic to prove the truth of Christian doctrine to interlocutors of all faiths and nationalities. The ''Art'' consists of a set of general principles and combinatorial operations. It is illustrated with diagrams. A prolific writer, he is also known for his literary works written in [[Catalan language|Catalan]], which he composed to make his ''Art'' accessible to a wider audience. In addition to Catalan and [[Latin]], he also probably wrote in [[Arabic]] (although no texts in Arabic survive). His books were translated into [[Occitan language|Occitan]], [[French language|French]], and [[Spanish language|Castilian]] during his lifetime.{{sfn|Badia|Santanach|Soler|2016}} Although his work did not enjoy huge success during his lifetime, he has had a rich and continuing reception. In the early modern period his name became associated with [[alchemy|alchemical works]].{{sfn|Pereira|1989}} More recently he has been recognized as a precursor of the modern field of [[social choice theory]], 450 years before [[Jean-Charles de Borda|Borda]] and [[Marquis de Condorcet|Condorcet]]'s investigations reopened the field.<ref>George G. Szpiro, "Numbers Rule: The Vexing Mathematics of Democracy, from Plato to the Present" (2010).</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Colomer |first=Josep M. |date=2013-02-01 |title=Ramon Llull: from 'Ars electionis' to social choice theory |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s00355-011-0598-2 |journal=Social Choice and Welfare |language=en |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=317–328 |doi=10.1007/s00355-011-0598-2 |issn=1432-217X}}</ref> His ideas also prefigured the development of [[computation theory]].<ref name="Philosophy, Vol 1958">''The History of Philosophy, Vol. IV: Modern Philosophy: From Descartes to Leibniz'' by [[Frederick Copleston|Frederick C. Copleston]] (1958).</ref>{{sfn|Bonner|2007|p=290}}<ref name="knuth">{{citation|title=[[The Art of Computer Programming]]: Generating all trees|author=Donald Knuth|author-link=Donald Knuth|page=56|publisher=Addison-Wesley Professional |volume=4-4|year=2006|isbn=978-0-321-33570-8}}</ref>
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