Editing Reform school (section)

{{Short description|19th century juvenile reformatory}}
{{main|reformatory}}
{{Multiple issues|{{original research|date=March 2019}}
{{more citations needed|reason=This essay seems to have no verifiable references except toward the end where the links and citations probably suffice.|date=March 2013}}}}
[[Image:House of Refuge, Randall's Island, New York.jpg|thumb|right|270px|[[New York House of Refuge]], a reform school completed in 1854]]
A '''reform school'''  was a [[Prison|penal institution]], generally for [[teenager]]s, mainly operating between 1830 and 1900. In the [[United Kingdom]] and its colonies, [[reformatory|reformatories]] (commonly called reform schools) were set up from 1854 onward for children who were convicted of a crime, as an alternative to an adult prison. In parallel, [[Industrial school (Great Britain)|industrial schools]] were set up for vagrants and children needing protection. Both were 'certified' by the government from 1857 onward, and in 1932, the systems merged and both were 'approved' and became [[approved school]]s.

Both in the United Kingdom and the United States, they came out of social concerns about cities, poverty, immigration and vagrancy following [[Industrialisation|industrialization]], as well as from a shift in [[penology|society's attitude]] from retribution (punishing the miscreant) to [[Prison reform|reforming]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ploszajska|first=Teresa|title=Moral landscapes and manipulated spaces: gender, class and space in Victorian reformatory schools|journal=Journal of Historical Geography|volume=20|issue=4|pages=413–429|doi=10.1006/jhge.1994.1032|year=1994}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Benevolent repression : social control and the American reformatory-prison movement|last=W.|first=Pisciotta, Alexander|date=1994|publisher=New York University Press|isbn=9780814766231|location=New York|oclc=29358320|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/benevolentrepres0000pisc}}</ref>

They were distinct from [[borstal]]s (UK; 1902–1982), which were enclosed juvenile prisons.<ref>Australian Government, [http://www.cockatooisland.gov.au/about/history/reform-school Cockatoo Island]</ref>