Editing Rhodeus (section)

{{Short description|Genus of fishes}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Rhodeus ocellatus ocellatus(Hamamatsu,Shizuoka,Japan).jpg
| image_caption = [[Rosy bitterling]] (''R. ocellatus'')
| taxon = Rhodeus
| authority = [[Louis Agassiz|Agassiz]], 1832
| type_species = ''[[Cyprinus amarus]]''
| type_species_authority =  [[Marcus Elieser Bloch|Bloch]], 1782
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = 
| synonyms = 
}}

'''''Rhodeus''''' is a genus of freshwater [[Actinopterygii|ray-finned fishes]] belonging to the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Acheilognathidae]], the '''bitterlings'''. The [[Binomial nomenclature|scientific name]] is derived from the [[Greek language|Greek]] word ''{{not a typo|rhodeos}}'', meaning "[[rose]]". Most species in the genus are restricted to Asia, but two species are found in Europe (''R. amarus'' and ''R. meridionalis'').

Bitterlings are short-lived species, generally surviving only about five years. Their maximum size is 11&nbsp;cm, but they are usually much shorter. Bitterlings inhabit slow-flowing or still waters, such as ponds, lakes, marshes, muddy and sandy pools, and river backwaters. Because they depend on freshwater mussels to reproduce, their range is restricted. Bitterlings are [[Omnivore|omnivorous]], feeding on both invertebrates and plants.

Bitterlings have a remarkable reproduction strategy where parents transfer responsibility for the care of their young to various species of freshwater mussels ([[Unionidae]] and [[Margaritiferidae]]). The female extends her long [[ovipositor]] into the mantle cavity of the mussel and deposits her eggs between the gill filaments. The male then ejects his sperm into the mussel's inhalent water current and fertilization takes place within the gills of the host. The same female may use a number of mussels, and she deposits only one or two yellow, oval eggs into each. Early developmental stages are protected from predation within the body of the mussel. After 3 to 4 weeks, larvae swim away from the hosts to continue life on their own.

In 1936, the bitterling was thought to respond to hormones in a pregnant woman's urine, but the work was later discredited.<ref>{{cite news |title=Deceptive Bitterling |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,848651,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081215102553/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,848651,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 15, 2008 |quote=Not quite two years ago physicians and prospective parents welcomed the news that a small, carp-like fish could tell whether or not a woman was going to have a baby ... The bitterling lost her standing and the doe rabbit and mouse were reinstated as nature's best indicators of human pregnancy. But obstetricians Kanter and Klawans pursued the matter with another research mate, physiologist Broda Otto Barnes, and secured further results which they detailed in ''Science'' last week. |publisher=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=October 12, 1936 |access-date=2008-04-16 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |year=1936 | title =Bitterling Ovipositor Lengthening Produced By Adrenal Extracts | journal =[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=84 |issue=2179 | pages = 310 | pmid = 17837041| doi = 10.1126/science.84.2179.310-a | last1 = Barnes | first1 = B. O. | last2 = Kanter | first2 = A. E. | last3 = Klawans | first3 = A. H. }}</ref>