Editing Rogue wave (section)

{{short description|Unexpectedly large transient ocean surface wave}}
{{About|the natural phenomenon}}
[[File: Wea00800,1.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|A [[merchant ship]] in heavy seas as a large wave looms ahead, [[Bay of Biscay]], {{circa|1940}}]]

'''Rogue waves''' (also known as '''freak waves''' or '''killer waves''') are large and unpredictable [[surface wave]]s that can be extremely dangerous to ships and isolated structures such as [[lighthouses]].<ref name="Econ1">{{cite news|access-date=2009-10-04 |date=September 17, 2009 |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |title=Rogue Waves – Monsters of the Deep: Huge, freak waves may not be as rare as once thought |url=http://www.economist.com/sciencetechnology/displaystory.cfm?story_id=14446734}}</ref> They are distinct from [[tsunami]]s, which are long wavelength waves, often almost unnoticeable in deep waters and are caused by the displacement of water due to other phenomena (such as [[earthquake]]s). A rogue wave at the shore is sometimes called a ''[[sneaker wave]]''.<ref>{{Cite web
| title=What Is a Sneaker Wave?
| date=3 April 2019
| url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-is-a-sneaker-wave.html
| publisher=[[WorldAtlas]]
| access-date=2020-07-29}}</ref>

In [[oceanography]], rogue waves are more precisely defined as waves whose [[wave height|height]] is more than twice the [[significant wave height]] (''H''{{sub|s}} or SWH), which is itself defined as the mean of the largest third of waves in a wave record. Rogue waves do not appear to have a single distinct cause but occur where physical factors such as high winds and strong currents cause waves to merge to create a single large wave.<ref name="Econ1"/> Research published in 2023 suggests [[sea state]] crest-trough correlation leading to linear [[Superposition principle|superposition]] may be a dominant factor in predicting the frequency of rogue waves.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Häfner |first1=Dion |last2=Gemmrich |first2=Johannes |last3=Jochum |first3=Markus |title=Machine-guided discovery of a real-world rogue wave model |journal= Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|date=20 November 2023 |volume=120 |issue=48 |pages=e2306275120 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2306275120 |doi-access=free |pmid=37983488 |pmc=10691345 |arxiv=2311.12579 |bibcode=2023PNAS..12006275H }}</ref>

Among other causes, studies of [[non-linear system|nonlinear]] waves such as the [[Peregrine soliton]], and waves modeled by the [[nonlinear Schrödinger equation]] (NLS), suggest that [[modulational instability]] can create an unusual [[sea state]] where a "normal" wave begins to draw energy from other nearby waves, and briefly becomes very large. Such phenomena are not limited to water and are also studied in liquid helium, nonlinear optics, and microwave cavities. A 2012 study reported that in addition to the Peregrine soliton reaching up to about three times the height of the surrounding sea, a hierarchy of higher order wave solutions could also exist having progressively larger sizes and demonstrated the creation of a "super rogue wave" (a [[breather]] around five times higher than surrounding waves) in a [[Wave tank|water-wave tank]].<ref name=super>{{cite journal |last1=Chabchoub |first1=A. |last2=Hoffmann |first2=N. |last3=Onorato |first3=M. |last4=Akhmediev |first4=N. |title=Super Rogue Waves: Observation of a Higher-Order Breather in Water Waves |url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/6e84fa9d48494ef57c4a54ad8a6c8ca6 |journal=Physical Review X |date=29 March 2012 |volume=2 |issue=1 |page=011015 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevX.2.011015|bibcode=2012PhRvX...2a1015C |hdl=1885/67997 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

A 2012 study supported the existence of oceanic rogue holes, the inverse of rogue waves, where the depth of the hole can reach more than twice the significant wave height.<ref name="MyUser_Onlinelibrary.wiley.com_April_16_2016c"/> Although it is often claimed that rogue holes have never been observed in nature despite replication in wave tank experiments, there is a rogue hole recording from an oil platform in the North Sea, revealed in Kharif et al.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-540-88419-4 | doi=10.1007/978-3-540-88419-4 | title=Rogue Waves in the Ocean | series=Advances in Geophysical and Environmental Mechanics and Mathematics | date=2009 | isbn=978-3-540-88418-7 }}</ref> The same source also reveals a recording of what is known as the 'Three Sisters'.