Editing Rotavirus (section)

{{Short description|Specific genus of RNA viruses}}
{{cs1 config|name-list-style=vanc}}
{{Featured article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2016}}
{{Virusbox
| image              = Rotavirus Reconstruction.jpg
| image_caption      = Computer–aided reconstruction of a rotavirus based on several electron micrographs
| image_alt          = A single particle; it is spherical and has regularly spaced, short protrusions on its surface
| taxon              = Rotavirus
| subdivision_ranks  = Species
| subdivision        = 
*RVA (''Rotavirus alphagastroenteritidis'') 
*RVB (''Rotavirus betagastroenteritidis'')
*RVC (''Rotavirus tritogastroenteritidis'')
*RVD (''Rotavirus deltagastroenteritidis'')
*RVF (''Rotavirus phigastroenteritidis'')
*RVG (''Rotavirus gammagastroenteritidis'')
*RVH (''Rotavirus aspergastroenteritidis'')
*RVI (''Rotavirus iotagastroenteritidis'')
*RVJ (''Rotavirus jotagastroenteritidis'')
*RVK (''Rotavirus kappagastroenteritidis'')
*RVL (''Rotavirus lambdagastroenteritidis'')
}}

'''Rotaviruses''' are the most common cause of [[diarrhea|diarrhoeal disease]]<!-- This is not a typo. Please note this article is in British English. See [[WP:ENGVAR]] for why it should not be "fixed"to American spelling. Thanks --> among infants and young children.<ref name="pmid26337738">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dennehy PH |title=Rotavirus Infection: A Disease of the Past? |journal=Infectious Disease Clinics of North America |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=617–635 |date=September 2015 |doi=10.1016/j.idc.2015.07.002|pmid=26337738 }}</ref> Nearly every child in the world is infected with a rotavirus at least once by the age of five.<ref name="pmid19252423" /> [[Immunity (medical)|Immunity]] develops with each infection, so subsequent infections are less severe. Adults are rarely affected.<ref name="pmid18838873" /> 

The virus is transmitted by the [[fecal–oral route|faecal–oral route]]. It infects and damages the [[enterocyte|cells]] that line the [[small intestine]] and causes [[gastroenteritis]] (which is often called "stomach flu" despite having no relation to [[influenza]]). Although rotavirus was discovered in 1973 by [[Ruth Bishop]] and her colleagues by electron micrograph images<ref name="pmid19799704" /> and accounts for approximately one third of hospitalisations for severe diarrhoea in infants and children,<ref name="pmid34904636">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hallowell BD, Chavers T, Parashar U, Tate JE |title=Global Estimates of Rotavirus Hospitalizations Among Children Below 5 Years in 2019 and Current and Projected Impacts of Rotavirus Vaccination |journal=Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=149–158 |date=April 2022 |pmid=34904636 |doi=10.1093/jpids/piab114|doi-access=free |pmc=11495151 }}</ref> its importance has historically been underestimated within the [[public health]] community, particularly in [[developing country|developing countries]].<ref name="pmid17919334">{{cite journal|year=2007|title=Use of formative research in developing a knowledge translation approach to rotavirus vaccine introduction in developing countries|journal=BMC Public Health|volume=7|page=281|doi=10.1186/1471-2458-7-281|vauthors=Simpson E, Wittet S, Bonilla J, Gamazina K, Cooley L, Winkler JL|pmid=17919334 |pmc=2173895 |s2cid=424503 |doi-access=free }}</ref> In addition to its impact on human health, rotavirus also infects other animals, and is a [[pathogen]] of livestock.<ref name="isbn0-12-375158-6" />

Rotaviral enteritis is usually an easily managed disease of childhood, but among children under 5 years of age rotavirus caused an estimated 151,714 deaths from diarrhoea in 2019.<ref name="pmid35643565">{{cite journal |vauthors=Janko MM, Joffe J, Michael D, Earl L, Rosettie KL, Sparks GW, Albertson SB, Compton K, Pedroza Velandia P, Stafford L, Zheng P, Aravkin A, Kyu HH, Murray CJ, Weaver MR |title=Cost-effectiveness of rotavirus vaccination in children under five years of age in 195 countries: A meta-regression analysis |journal=Vaccine |volume=40 |issue=28 |pages=3903–3917 |date=June 2022 |pmid=35643565 |doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.05.042|pmc=9208428 |s2cid=249072461 }}</ref> In the United States, before initiation of the [[Rotavirus vaccine|rotavirus vaccination]] programme in the 2000s, rotavirus caused about 2.7{{nbsp}}million cases of severe gastroenteritis in children, almost 60,000 hospitalisations, and around 37 deaths each year.<ref name="pmid17357047">{{cite journal | vauthors = Fischer TK, Viboud C, Parashar U, Malek M, Steiner C, Glass R, Simonsen L | title = Hospitalizations and deaths from diarrhea and rotavirus among children <5 years of age in the United States, 1993–2003 | journal = The Journal of Infectious Diseases | volume = 195 | issue = 8 | pages = 1117–1125 | date = April 2007 | pmid = 17357047 | doi = 10.1086/512863 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Following rotavirus vaccine introduction in the United States, hospitalisation rates have fallen significantly.<ref name=":1">{{cite journal | vauthors = Leshem E, Moritz RE, Curns AT, Zhou F, Tate JE, Lopman BA, Parashar UD | title = Rotavirus vaccines and health care utilization for diarrhea in the United States (2007–2011) | journal = Pediatrics | volume = 134 | issue = 1 | pages = 15–23 | date = July 2014 | pmid = 24913793 | doi = 10.1542/peds.2013-3849 | pmc = 7975848 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="pmid21183842">{{cite journal | vauthors = Tate JE, Cortese MM, Payne DC, Curns AT, Yen C, Esposito DH, Cortes JE, Lopman BA, Patel MM, Gentsch JR, Parashar UD | s2cid = 20940659 | display-authors = 6 | title = Uptake, impact, and effectiveness of rotavirus vaccination in the United States: review of the first 3 years of postlicensure data | journal = The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal | volume = 30 | issue = 1 Suppl | pages = S56–60 | date = January 2011 | pmid = 21183842 | doi = 10.1097/INF.0b013e3181fefdc0 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Public health campaigns to combat rotavirus focus on providing [[oral rehydration therapy]] for infected children and [[vaccination]] to prevent the disease.<ref name="pmid18026034" /> The incidence and severity of rotavirus infections has declined significantly in countries that have added rotavirus vaccine to their routine childhood [[vaccination policy|immunisation policies]].<ref name="pmid21734466" /><ref name="pmid20622508">{{cite journal | vauthors = Jiang V, Jiang B, Tate J, Parashar UD, Patel MM | title = Performance of rotavirus vaccines in developed and developing countries | journal = Human Vaccines | volume = 6 | issue = 7 | pages = 532–42 | date = July 2010 | pmid = 20622508 | pmc = 3322519 | doi = 10.4161/hv.6.7.11278 }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite journal | vauthors = Parashar UD, Johnson H, Steele AD, Tate JE | title = Health Impact of Rotavirus Vaccination in Developing Countries: Progress and Way Forward | journal = Clinical Infectious Diseases | volume = 62 | issue = Suppl 2 | pages = S91–95 | date = May 2016 | pmid = 27059361 | doi = 10.1093/cid/civ1015 | veditors = Parashar UD, Tate JE| doi-access = free | pmc = 11343039 }}</ref>

''Rotavirus'' is a [[genus]] of [[double-stranded RNA viruses]] in the [[family (taxonomy)|family]] ''Reoviridae''. There are 11 [[species]] of the genus, usually referred to as RVA, RVB, RVC, RVD, RVF, RVG, RVH, RVI, RVJ, RVK and RVL. The most common is RVA, and these rotaviruses cause more than 90% of rotavirus infections in humans.<ref name="pmid16418157" />

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