Editing Saudi Arabia (section)

{{short description|Country in West Asia}}
{{redirect|KSA}}
{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{Use Oxford spelling|date=April 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| common_name            = Saudi Arabia
| native_name            = <!-- Don't add diacritcs -->{{native name|ar|المملكة العربية السعودية}}<br />{{nowrap|{{transliteration|ar|al-Mamlaka al-ʿArabiyya as-Suʿūdiyya}}}}
| image_flag             = Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg
| image_coat             = Emblem of Saudi Arabia.svg
| symbol_type            = Emblem
| national_motto         = <!-- Don't add diacritcs -->{{lang|ar|لا إله إلا الله، محمد رسول الله}}<br />{{transliteration|ar|Lā ilāha illa allāh, Muḥammadun rasūlu allāh}}<br />"There is no god but [[God in Islam|God]], [[Muhammad in Islam|Muhammad]] is the Messenger of God"<!--This phrasing is taken from the following saudiembassy.net reference. Also, community consensus on Wikipedia is that 'Allah' is best translated into English by 'God', with a capital 'G'. Do not change it without first raising it on the talk page.--><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saudiembassy.net/about/country-information/facts_and_figures/ |title=About Saudi Arabia: Facts and figures |publisher=The Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia, Washington, DC|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120417231457/http://www.saudiembassy.net/about/country-information/facts_and_figures/ |archive-date=17 April 2012 }}</ref>{{efn|The ''[[Shahada|Shahādah]]'' (Statement of faith) is sometimes translated into English as 'There is no god but Allah', using the [[romanization]] of the [[Arabic]] word ''[[Allah|Allāh]]'' instead of its translation. The word ''Allāh'' ({{langx|ar|اللَّٰه}}) literally translates as ''God''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/faithgod.html |title=God |work=Islam: Empire of Faith |publisher=PBS |access-date=3 September 2017 |archive-date=27 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327034958/http://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/faithgod.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>'Islam and Christianity', ''Encyclopedia of Christianity'' (2001): Arabic-speaking Christians and Jews also refer to God as ''Allah''.</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Allah |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online |author=L. Gardet}}</ref>}} (''[[shahada]]'')
| national_anthem        = <!-- Don't add diacritcs -->{{lang|ar|النشيد الوطني السعودي}}<br />"[[Chant of the Saudi Nation|{{transliteration|ar|an-Našīd al-Waṭaniyy as-Suʿūdiyy}}]]" <br /> "Chant of the Saudi Nation"<br /><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:Saudi Arabian national anthem, performed by the United States Navy Band.oga|center]]</div>
| other_symbol           = [[File:Emblem of Saudi Arabia (2).svg|80px]]
| other_symbol_type      = Alternate Emblem:{{efn|This is the alternate emblem of Saudi Arabia, it is used by both the government and royal family it is placed on all embassies and used by the various ministries of the government.}}
| image_map              = {{Switcher|[[File:Saudi Arabia (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Show globe|[[File:Saudi Arabia - Location Map (2013) - SAU - UNOCHA.svg|frameless]]|Show map of Saudi Arabia|default=1}}
| capital                = [[Riyadh]]
| coordinates            = {{Coord|24|39|N|46|46|E|type:city_region:SA}}
| largest_city           = Riyadh
| official_languages     = [[Modern Standard Arabic|Arabic]]<ref name="BLG"/><!-- Do not edit without talkpage consensus. -->
| regional_languages     = 
| religion               = [[Islam in Saudi Arabia|Sunni Islam]] (official)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Saudi Arabia |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/171744.pdf |website=U.S. Department of State |quote=According to the basic law, Sunni Islam is the official religion and the country's constitution is the Qur'an and the Sunna (traditions and sayings of the Prophet Muhammad).}}</ref>
| demonym                = {{unbulleted list |[[Saudis|Saudi]]|Saudi Arabian}}
| government_type        = Unitary Islamic [[absolute monarchy]]
| leader_title1          = [[King of Saudi Arabia|King]]
| leader_name1           = [[Salman of Saudi Arabia|Salman]]
| leader_title2          = [[Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia|Crown Prince]] and [[Prime Minister of Saudi Arabia|Prime Minister]]
| leader_name2           = [[Mohammed bin Salman]]
| legislature            = [[Consultative Assembly of Saudi Arabia|Consultative Assembly]]{{efn|The Assembly or Shura Council, has no real legislative power.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Robert W.|last1=Hefner|title=Remaking Muslim Politics: Pluralism, Contestation, Democratization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MmmVMCBej8oC&q=Saudi%2520%2522consultative%2520assembly%2522%2520no%2520legislative%2520power&pg=PA202|publisher=Princeton University Press|date=2009|isbn=978-1-4008-2639-1|page=202}}</ref> As its role is only consultative it is not considered to be a legislature.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2021-06-06|title=Analysts: Saudi Arabia Nervous About Domestic Discontent|publisher=VoA News – English|url=https://www.voanews.com/middle-east/analysts-saudi-arabia-nervous-about-domestic-discontent|website=Voice of America|archive-date=6 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606143218/https://www.voanews.com/middle-east/analysts-saudi-arabia-nervous-about-domestic-discontent|url-status=dead}}</ref>
}}
| sovereignty_type       = [[History of Saudi Arabia|Establishment]]
| established_event1     = [[First Saudi state|Emirate of Diriyah]]
| established_date1      = 22 February 1727
| established_event2     = [[Second Saudi state|Emirate of Nejd]]
| established_date2      = 1824
| established_event3     = [[Emirate of Riyadh]]
| established_date3      = 13 January 1902
| established_event4     = [[Emirate of Nejd and Hasa]]
| established_date4      = 15 January 1913
| established_event5     = [[Sultanate of Nejd]]
| established_date5      = 29 November 1921
| established_event6     = [[Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd]]
| established_date6      = 8 January 1926
| established_event7     = [[Proclamation of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia|Unification and Proclamation of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia]]
| established_date7      = 23 September 1932
| established_event8     = [[Basic Law of Saudi Arabia|Current constitution]]
| established_date8      = 31 January 1992
| area_km2               = 2,149,690<ref name="CIA World Factbook" />
| area_rank              = 12th
| area_sq_mi             = 830,000 <!-- Do not remove per [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers]] -->
| percent_water          = 0.7
| population_census      = {{increaseNeutral}} 32,175,224<ref name="l987">{{cite web | title=Saudi Arabia Census Shows Total Population of 32.2 Million, of Which 18.8 Million are Saudis | website=وكالة الأنباء السعودية | date=2023-05-31 | url=https://www.spa.gov.sa/w1911463 | language=ar | access-date=2025-04-30}}</ref>
| population_census_year = 2022
| population_census_rank = 48th
| population_density_km2 = 15
| population_density_sq_mi = 38.8 <!-- Do not remove per [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers]] -->
| population_density_rank = 174th
| GDP_PPP                = {{increase}} $2.230 trillion<ref name="IMFWEO.SA">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april/weo-report?c=456,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2023&ey=2030&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 Edition. (Saudi Arabia) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=www.imf.org |date=22 April 2025 |access-date=26 May 2025}}</ref>
| GDP_PPP_year           = 2025
| GDP_PPP_rank           = 17th
| GDP_PPP_per_capita     = {{increase}} $61,923<ref name="IMFWEO.SA" />
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 15th
| GDP_nominal            = {{decrease}} $1.084 trillion<ref name="IMFWEO.SA" />
| GDP_nominal_year       = 2025
| GDP_nominal_rank       = 19th
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{decrease}} $30,099<ref name="IMFWEO.SA" />
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 34th
| Gini                   = 45.9 <!--number only-->
| Gini_year              = 2013
| Gini_change            = steady<!--increase/decrease/steady-->
| Gini_ref               = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/saudi-arabia/ |title=The World Factbook |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |website=CIA.gov |access-date=28 May 2019 |archive-date=19 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319180722/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/saudi-arabia |url-status=live }}</ref>
| Gini_rank              = 
| HDI                    = 0.900 <!--number only-->
| HDI_year               = 2023<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year-->
| HDI_change             = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady-->
| HDI_ref                = <ref name="UNHDR">{{Cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en}}</ref>
| HDI_rank               = 37th
| currency               = [[Saudi riyal]] (SR){{efn|[[Pegged currency|Pegged]] to the [[United States dollar]] (USD) at 3.75 riyals per USD since 1986<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.reuters.com/article/saudi-currency-peg-idUSL5N17U54R |title= Saudi riyal peg pressure eases, but not gone |last= Strohecker |first= Karin |date= 27 April 2016 |website= reuters.com |publisher= [[Reuters]] |access-date= 30 September 2023 |quote= |archive-date= 3 October 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20231003014257/https://www.reuters.com/article/saudi-currency-peg-idUSL5N17U54R |url-status= live }}</ref>}}
| currency_code          = SAR
| time_zone              = [[UTC+03:00#Arabia Standard Time|AST]]
| utc_offset             = +3
| drives_on              = Right
| calling_code           = [[Telephone numbers in Saudi Arabia|+966]]
| cctld                  = {{unbulleted list |[[.sa]] |[[AlSaudiah|السعودية.]]}}
| today                  = 
}}
<!-- Intro -->

'''Saudi Arabia''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Saudi Arabia-2.ogg|ˌ|s|ɔː|d|i|_|ə|ˈ|r|eɪ|b|i|ə}} {{respell|SAW|dee|_|ə|RAY|bee|ə}}, {{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Saudi Arabia-3.ogg|ˌ|s|aʊ|d|i|_|-}} {{respell|SOW|dee|_-}}; {{langx|ar|ٱلسُّعُودِيَّة|translit=as-Suʿūdiyya}}.}} officially the '''Kingdom of Saudi Arabia''' ('''KSA'''),{{efn|{{langx|ar|ٱلْمَمْلَكَة ٱلْعَرَبِيَّة ٱلسُّعُودِيَّة|translit=al-Mamlaka al-ʿArabiyya as-Suʿūdiyya|links=no}}, {{audio|Ar-Kingdom Saudi Arabia.oga|pronunciation}}.}} is a country in [[West Asia]]. Located in the centre of the [[Middle East]], it covers the bulk of the [[Arabian Peninsula]] and has a land area of about {{cvt|2150000|km2|sqmi|comma=}}, making it the [[List of Asian countries by area|fifth-largest country]] in [[Asia]], the largest in the [[Middle East]], and the [[List of countries and dependencies by area|12th-largest]] in the world. It is bordered by the [[Red Sea]] to the west; [[Jordan]], [[Iraq]], and [[Kuwait]] to the north; the [[Persian Gulf]], [[Bahrain]], [[Qatar]] and the [[United Arab Emirates]] to the east; [[Oman]] to the southeast; and [[Yemen]] to [[Saudi Arabia–Yemen border|the south]]. The [[Gulf of Aqaba]] in the northwest separates Saudi Arabia from [[Egypt]] and [[Israel]]. Saudi Arabia is the only country with a coastline along both the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf, and most of [[Geography of Saudi Arabia|its terrain]] consists of [[Arabian Desert|arid desert]], lowland, steppe, and [[List of mountains in Saudi Arabia|mountains]]. The capital and [[List of cities and towns in Saudi Arabia|largest city]] is [[Riyadh]]; other major cities include [[Jeddah]] and the two [[Holiest sites in Islam|holiest cities in Islam]], [[Mecca]] and [[Medina]]. With [[Demographics of Saudi Arabia|a population of almost 32.2 million]], Saudi Arabia is the fourth most populous country in the [[Arab world]].<ref name="BritannicaAreaRanking">Saudi Arabia has a total area of 829,995 square miles and ranks 13th in the world according to the list of the total areas of the world's countries, dependencies, and territories, but since Greenland is a territory, this makes is the 12th largest country (https://www.britannica.com/topic/list-of-the-total-areas-of-the-worlds-countries-dependencies-and-territories-2130540).</ref><ref>Through a [[Maritime boundary|maritime border]] marked by [[Passport Island|an artificial island]].</ref>

<!-- History -->[[Pre-Islamic Arabia]], the territory that constitutes modern-day Saudi Arabia, was the site of several ancient cultures and civilizations; the [[History of Saudi Arabia#Pre-Islamic Arabia|prehistory of Saudi Arabia]] shows some of the earliest traces of human activity outside Africa.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2018/04/saudi-arabia-finger-human-migration-homo/ |title=88,000-Year-Old Finger Bone Pushes Back Human Migration Dates |work=National Geographic}}</ref> [[Islam]], the world's second-largest religion,<ref name=landscape>{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/global-religious-landscape-exec/|title=The Global Religious Landscape|date=18 December 2012|publisher=Pew Forum|access-date=23 August 2018|archive-date=26 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226054851/http://www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/global-religious-landscape-exec/|url-status=live}}</ref> emerged in what is now Saudi Arabia in the early seventh century. Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]] united the population of the [[Arabian Peninsula]] and created a single Islamic religious polity. Following his death in 632, his followers expanded Muslim rule beyond Arabia, [[Early Muslim conquests|conquering]] territories in [[North Africa]], [[Central Asia|Central]], [[South Asia]] and [[Iberian Peninsula|Iberia]] within decades.<ref name="Abbas"/><ref name="Reichl"/><ref name="Barber"/> Arab dynasties originating from modern-day Saudi Arabia founded the [[Rashidun Caliphate|Rashidun]] (632–661), [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] (661–750), [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasid]] (750–1517), and [[Fatimid Caliphate|Fatimid]] (909–1171) caliphates, as well as [[List of Muslim states and dynasties|numerous other dynasties]] in Asia, [[Islam in Africa#History|Africa]], and [[Islam in Europe#Western Europe and the Mediterranean Region|Europe]].

<!-- Politics -->Saudi Arabia was founded in 1932 by [[Ibn Saud|King Abdulaziz]] (also known as Ibn Saud), who united the regions of [[Hejaz]], [[Najd]], parts of [[Eastern Arabia]] (Al-Ahsa) and [[South Arabia]] ([[Asir|Aseer]]) into a single state through [[Unification of Saudi Arabia|a series of conquests]], beginning in 1902 with [[Battle of Riyadh (1902)|the capture of Riyadh]]. Saudi Arabia has since been an [[absolute monarchy]] governed by an [[authoritarian]] regime without public input.<ref>{{Citation |last=Alhussein |first=Eman |title=Saudi Arabias centralized political structure: prospects and challenges |date=2023 |work=Handbook of Middle East Politics |pages=144–157 |url=https://www.elgaronline.com/edcollchap/book/9781802205633/book-part-9781802205633-14.xml |publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing |isbn=978-1-80220-563-3}}</ref> In its [[Basic Law of Saudi Arabia|Basic Law]], Saudi Arabia defines itself as a sovereign Arab [[Islamic state]] with [[Islam in Saudi Arabia|Islam as its official religion]] and [[Arabic]] as its official language. The ultraconservative [[Wahhabism|Wahhabi]] religious movement within [[Sunni Islam]] was the prevailing political and cultural force in the country until the 2000s.<ref name="HT2003: 14">[[#HT2003|Tripp, ''Culture Shock'', 2003]]: p. 14</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">[[#Malbouisson|Malbouisson]], p. 23</ref> The Saudi government has attracted criticism for various policies such as its [[Saudi-led intervention in the Yemeni civil war|intervention in the Yemeni Civil War]] and widespread use of [[Capital punishment in Saudi Arabia|capital punishment]].<ref>{{cite web |date=15 April 2020 |title=Saudi Arabia has carried out 800 executions since 2015, says rights group |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/saudi-arabia-executions-death-toll-human-rights-king-salman-a9466741.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200421171202/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/saudi-arabia-executions-death-toll-human-rights-king-salman-a9466741.html |archive-date=21 April 2020 |access-date=6 March 2023 |website=[[Independent.co.uk]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Death Penalty Worldwide |url=http://www.deathpenaltyworldwide.org/country-search-post.cfm?141-9chk=on&hideinfo=on |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190616025908/http://www.deathpenaltyworldwide.org/country-search-post.cfm?141-9chk=on&hideinfo=on |archive-date=16 June 2019}}</ref><!-- International -->

Saudi Arabia is considered both a [[Regional power|regional]] and [[Middle power|middle]] power.<ref name="The United States and the Great Powers">{{cite book |last=Buzan |first=Barry |title=The United States and the Great Powers |publisher=Polity Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-7456-3375-6 |place=Cambridge |page=71}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=7 November 2013 |title=The erosion of Saudi Arabia's image among its neighbours |url=http://www.middleeastmonitor.com/articles/middle-east/8207-the-erosion-of-saudi-arabias-image-among-its-neighbours |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109115032/https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/articles/middle-east/8207-the-erosion-of-saudi-arabias-image-among-its-neighbours |archive-date=9 November 2013 |website=[[Middle East Monitor]]}}</ref> Since [[petroleum]] was [[Dammam No. 7|discovered in the country in 1938]],<ref>{{cite web|last1=Caryl|first1=Sue|title=1938: Oil Discovered in Saudi Arabia|url=http://nationalgeographic.org/thisday/mar3/oil-discovered-saudi-arabia/|website=National Geographic|publisher=National Geographic Society|access-date=27 November 2016|date=20 February 2014|archive-date=12 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161212182621/http://nationalgeographic.org/thisday/mar3/oil-discovered-saudi-arabia/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Learsy|first1=Raymond|title=Oil and Finance: The Epic Corruption|date=2011|page=89}}</ref> the kingdom has become the world's [[List of countries by oil production|second-largest oil producer]] and leading oil exporter, controlling the world's [[List of countries by proven oil reserves#Countries|second-largest oil reserves]] and the [[List of countries by natural gas proven reserves|sixth-largest gas reserves]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=International – U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) |url=http://www.eia.gov/countries/index.cfm?view=production |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150507100155/http://www.eia.gov/countries/index.cfm?view=production |archive-date=7 May 2015 |access-date=27 March 2015 |work=eia.gov}}</ref> Saudi Arabia is categorized as a [[World Bank high-income economy]] and is the only Arab country among the [[G20]] major economies.<ref>{{cite book |last=Wynbrandt |first=James |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=99M0zoSqsF0C&pg=PA242 |title=A Brief History of Saudi Arabia |publisher=Infobase Publishing |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-4381-0830-8 |page=242 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211035240/https://books.google.com/books?id=99M0zoSqsF0C&pg=PA242 |archive-date=11 February 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author1=Soldatkin, Vladimir |author2=Astrasheuskaya, Nastassia |date=9 November 2011 |title=Saudi Arabia to overtake Russia as top oil producer-IEA |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/russia-energy-iea-idUSL6E7M93XT20111109 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018144332/https://www.reuters.com/article/russia-energy-iea-idUSL6E7M93XT20111109 |archive-date=18 October 2022 |access-date=5 July 2021 |work=Reuters}}</ref> The [[Economy of Saudi Arabia|Saudi economy]] is the [[Economy of the Middle East|largest in the Middle East]] and the world's [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|nineteenth largest by nominal GDP]] and [[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|seventeenth largest by PPP]]. Ranking very high in the [[Human Development Index]],<ref name="UNDR2014">{{cite book |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr14-report-en-1.pdf |title=Human Development Report 2014 |date=2013 |publisher=United Nations |page=159 |access-date=13 October 2014 |archive-date=23 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223104449/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr14-report-en-1.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Saudi Arabia offers [[Higher education in Saudi Arabia|free university tuition]], no personal income tax,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tax in Saudi Arabia {{!}} Saudi Arabia Tax Guide – HSBC Expat |url=https://www.expat.hsbc.com/expat-explorer/expat-guides/saudi-arabia/tax-in-saudi-arabia/ |access-date=2022-06-26 |website=www.expat.hsbc.com |language=en-gb |archive-date=17 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517174634/https://www.expat.hsbc.com/expat-explorer/expat-guides/saudi-arabia/tax-in-saudi-arabia/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Health care in Saudi Arabia|free universal health care]]. With its [[Foreign workers in Saudi Arabia|dependency on foreign labour]], Saudi Arabia has the world's [[List of sovereign states and dependent territories by immigrant population|third-largest immigrant population]]. Saudi Arabians are among [[Youth in Saudi Arabia|the world's youngest people]], with approximately half being under 25 years old.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://portal.saudicensus.sa/portal/public/1/15/45?type=DASHBOARD|title=بوابة الهيئة - الصفحة الرئيسية|website=portal.saudicensus.sa|language=ar|access-date=7 June 2023|archive-date=3 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003010040/https://portal.saudicensus.sa/portal/public/1/15/45?type=DASHBOARD|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://investsaudi.sa/en/node-1140/|title=Why Saudi Arabia|website=Invest Saudi|access-date=17 February 2019|archive-date=13 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213113722/http://investsaudi.sa/en/node-1140/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Saudi Arabia is a member of the [[Gulf Cooperation Council]], [[United Nations]], [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]], [[Arab League]], and [[OPEC]], as well as a dialogue partner of the [[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation]].