Editing Second Intifada (section)

{{Short description|2000–2005 Palestinian uprising against Israeli occupation}}
{{pp-30-500|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict          = Second Intifada
| partof            = the [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict]]
| image             = {{align|center|{{Multiple image
| perrow = 2
| total_width = 350
| border = infobox
| image1= Faris odeh03a.jpg
| image2= Flickr - Israel Defense Forces - Standing Guard in Nablus.jpg
| image3= אוקטובר 2000 2.jpg
| image4= הפיגוע בצומת יגור 1.jpg
| footer = '''Clockwise from top-left:'''<br />{{hlist|Palestinian child [[Faris Odeh]] throws a stone at an Israeli tank in the [[Gaza Strip]]|Israeli soldiers in [[Nablus]] during [[Operation Defensive Shield]]|Aftermath of a [[Yagur Junction bombing|Palestinian suicide bombing]] on a public transit bus near [[Haifa]]|Palestinian protesters confront Israeli security forces near [[Ramallah]]}}
| footer_align = center}}}}
| date              = 28 September 2000 – 8 February 2005<br />({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=9|day1=28|year1=2000|month2=2|day2=8|year2=2005}})
| place             = {{hlist|Israel|[[Israeli occupied territories|Israeli-occupied]] [[Palestinian territories]]}}
| casus             = 
| result            = Uprising suppressed<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.haaretz.com/weekend/week-s-end/years-of-rage-1.316603 |title=Years of Rage |author=Amos Harel |author2=Avi Issacharoff |newspaper=[[Haaretz]] |date=1 October 2010 |access-date=28 September 2014 |archive-date=2 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702094014/http://www.haaretz.com/weekend/week-s-end/years-of-rage-1.316603 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2004-sep-28-fg-intifada28-story.html |title=Losing faith in the intifada |author=Laura King |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=28 September 2004 |access-date=28 September 2014 |archive-date=21 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120921132644/http://articles.latimes.com/2004/sep/28/world/fg-intifada28 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A52801-2004Sep26.html |title=From Jenin to Falluja |author=Jackson Diehl |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=27 September 2004 |access-date=28 September 2014 |author-link=Jackson Diehl |archive-date=3 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203212546/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A52801-2004Sep26.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.jewishworldreview.com/0704/chafets_2004_07_22.php3 |title=The Intifadeh is over – just listen |author=Zeev Chafetz |author-link=Ze'ev Chafets |newspaper=World Jewish Review |date=22 July 2004 |access-date=28 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140804174542/http://www.jewishworldreview.com/0704/chafets_2004_07_22.php3 |archive-date=4 August 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://jcpa.org/article/winning-counterinsurgency-war-the-israeli-experience/ |title=Winning the counterinsurgency war: The Israeli experience |author=Major-General (res) [[Yaakov Amidror]] |website=[[Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs]] |date=23 August 2010 |access-date=28 September 2014 |archive-date=1 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701102758/http://jcpa.org/article/winning-counterinsurgency-war-the-israeli-experience/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.biu.ac.il/SOC/besa/docs/perspectives57Eng.pdf |title=The need for a decisive Israeli victory over Hamas |author=Hillel Frisch |publisher=[[Begin–Sadat Center for Strategic Studies]] |date=12 January 2009 |access-date=28 September 2014 |archive-date=23 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923205750/http://www.biu.ac.il/SOC/besa/docs/perspectives57Eng.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
| combatant1        = {{flag|Israel}}
| combatant2        = {{tree list}}
* {{flag|Palestinian Authority}}
** {{flagicon|Palestine}} [[Palestine Liberation Organization|PLO]]
*** {{flag|Fatah}}
*** {{flag|Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine}}
*** {{flag|Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine}}
** {{flag|Hamas}}
** {{flag|Palestinian Islamic Jihad}}
** {{flag|Popular Resistance Committees}}
{{tree list/end}}
| commander1        = {{unbulletedlist
| {{flagicon|Israel}} [[Ariel Sharon]]
| {{flagicon|Israel}} [[Avi Dichter]]
| {{flagicon|Israel}} [[Ehud Barak]]
| {{flagicon|Israel}} [[Shaul Mofaz]]
| {{flagicon|Israel}} [[Moshe Ya'alon]]
| {{flagicon|Israel}} [[Dan Halutz]]
| {{flagicon|Israel}} [[Gabi Ashkenazi]]
|
                  }}
| commander2        = {{unbulletedlist
| {{flagicon|Palestine}} [[Yasser Arafat]]&nbsp;[[Manner of death#Death by natural causes|#]]
| {{flagicon|Palestine}} [[Mahmoud Abbas]]
| {{flagicon|Palestine}} [[Marwan Barghouti]]{{POW}}
| {{flagicon|Palestine}} [[Abu Ali Mustafa]]{{Assassinated}}
| {{flagicon|Palestine}} [[Ahmad Sa'adat]]{{POW}}
| {{flagicon|Palestine}} [[Nayef Hawatmeh]]
| {{flagicon|Palestine}} [[Ahmed Yassin]]{{Assassinated|Assassination of Ahmed Yassin}}
| {{flagicon|Palestine}} [[Abdel Aziz al-Rantisi]]{{Assassinated|Assassination of Abdel Aziz al-Rantisi}}
| {{flagicon|Palestine}} [[Khaled Mashal]]
| {{flagicon|Palestine}} [[Ismail Haniyeh]]
| {{flagicon|Palestine}} [[Mohammed Deif]]
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Palestine.svg}} [[Abd Al Aziz Awda]]
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Palestine.svg}} [[Ramadan Shalah]]
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Palestine.svg}} [[Jamal Abu Samhadana]]{{Assassinated}}
                  }}
| strength1         = 
| strength2         = 
| casualties1       = '''29 September 2000 – 1 January 2005:'''
~1,010<ref name="casualties2">{{cite web |url=http://www.btselem.org/english/statistics/casualties.asp?sD=29&sM=09&sY=2000&eD=26&eM=12&eY=2008&filterby=event&oferet_stat=before |title=B'Tselem – Statistics – Fatalities |publisher=[[B'Tselem]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100701064428/http://www.btselem.org/english/statistics/Casualties.asp?sD=29&sM=09&sY=2000&eD=26&eM=12&eY=2008&filterby=event&oferet_stat=before |archive-date=1 July 2010}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=September 2014}}<!-- Oldest archive available; years grouped differently; perhaps an older version would have presented the number 945; the current corresponding page is http://www.btselem.org/statistics/fatalities/before-cast-lead/by-date-of-event --><ref name="statspage"/> Israelis total:<br />• 644–773 Israeli civilians killed by Palestinians;<br />• 215–301 Israeli troops killed by Palestinians
| casualties2       = '''29 September 2000 – 1 January 2005:'''
3,179<ref name="statspage"/><ref name=BBCstats>{{cite news|title=Intifada toll 2000–2005|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/3694350.stm|access-date=10 November 2012|work=BBC News|date=8 February 2005|archive-date=17 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150117121043/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/3694350.stm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=un2009jan9>{{cite web |url=http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/ocha_opt_gaza_humanitarian_situation_report_2009_01_09_english.pdf |title=Field Update on Gaza from the Humanitarian Coordinator |date=9 January 2009 |publisher=[[United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs]] |access-date=28 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924055012/http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/ocha_opt_gaza_humanitarian_situation_report_2009_01_09_english.pdf |archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref>–3,354<ref name="casualties2"/> Palestinians total:<br />• 2,739–3,168 Palestinians killed by Israeli troops;<span style="font-size:140%;">'''*'''</span><br />• 152–406 Palestinians killed by Palestinians;<br />• 34 Palestinians killed by Israeli civilians
| casualties3       = 55 foreign nationals/citizens total:<br />• 45 foreigners killed by Palestinians;<br />• 10 foreigners killed by Israeli troops<ref name=casualties2 />
| notes             = <span style="font-size:140%;">'''*'''</span>For the controversial issue of distinguishing Palestinian civilian/combatant casualties, see [[#Casualties|§ Casualties]].
| units1            = {{tree list}}
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Israel Defense Forces.svg}} [[Israel Defense Forces]]
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Israel Police.svg}} [[Israel Police]]
** {{flagicon image|Flag of the Israel Border Police.svg}} [[Israel Border Police|Border Police]]
** [[Civil Guard (Israel)|Civil Guard]]
* {{flagdeco|Israel}} [[Shin Bet]]
* {{flagdeco|Israel}} [[Mishmeret Yesha]]
{{tree list/end}}
| units2            = {{tree list}}
* [[File:Coat of arms of Palestine (alternative).svg|16px]] [[Palestinian Security Services]]
** [[File:Emblem of the Palestinian National Security Forces.svg|16px]] [[Palestinian National Security Forces|National Security Forces]]
** [[Palestinian Preventive Security|Preventative Security Service]]
* {{flagicon|Fatah}} [[Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades]]
* {{flagicon|Fatah}} [[Tanzim]]
* {{armed forces|Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine}}
* {{armed forces|Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine}}
* {{flagicon|Hamas}} [[Al-Qassam Brigades]]
* {{armed forces|Palestinian Islamic Jihad}}
* {{armed forces|Popular Resistance Committees}}
{{tree list/end}}
| territory         =
* Israeli forces withdraw from the [[Gaza Strip]]
* Israel initiates the [[Israeli disengagement from Gaza|Gaza disengagement plan]]
* Israel constructs the [[Israeli West Bank barrier|West Bank barrier]]
}}

<!--End of Infobox-->
{{Campaignbox Second Intifada}}
<!--WHEN EDITING THIS SECTION, PLEASE NOTE:
The current casualty statistics are provided by B'Tselem's newest report http://www.btselem.org/English/Statistics/Casualties.asp and need to be added up from several columns and rows. Please also update the date and total deaths in the casualties section farther down in the article.-->

The '''Second Intifada''' ({{langx|ar|الانتفاضة الثانية|translit=al-Intifāḍa aṯ-Ṯāniya|lit=The Second Uprising}}; {{langx|he|האינתיפאדה השנייה|ha-Intifada ha-Shniya}}), also known as the '''Al-Aqsa Intifada''',{{sfn|BBC|2004}} was a major uprising by [[Palestinians]] against Israel and its [[Israeli-occupied territories|occupation]] from 2000. Starting as a civilian uprising in Jerusalem and [[October 2000 protests in Israel|Israel proper]], Israeli security responded with extreme violence, killing over 100 Palestinian protesters within the first few weeks. This led to the uprising devolving into a period of heightened violence in Palestine and Israel. This violence, including shooting attacks, suicide bombings, and military operations continued until the [[Sharm El Sheikh Summit of 2005|Sharm el-Sheikh Summit of 2005]], which ended hostilities.{{sfn|BBC|2004}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Araj |first1=Bader |last2=Brym |first2=Robert J. |date=2010 |title=Opportunity, Culture and Agency: Influences on Fatah and Hamas Strategic Action during the Second Intifada |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0268580909351327 |url-status=live |journal=International Sociology |language=en |volume=25 |issue=6 |pages=842–868 |doi=10.1177/0268580909351327 |issn=0268-5809 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518055641/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0268580909351327 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |access-date=18 May 2024 |quote=Strategic action by the two main Palestinian militant organizations, Fatah and Hamas, during the second intifada or uprising against the Israeli state and people (2000—5). ... during the second intifada, or uprising, of Palestinians against Israel between 2000 and 2005|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Smith |first=Robert B. |date=2008-04-01 |title=A Globalized Conflict: European Anti-Jewish Violence during the Second Intifada |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-006-9045-3 |journal=Quality & Quantity |language=en |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=135–180 |doi=10.1007/s11135-006-9045-3 |issn=1573-7845 |quote=The globalization of the Arab–Israeli conflict during the period of the second intifada against Israel (from the autumn 2000 through at least the spring of 2005) has fostered anti-Jewish violence in Europe and throughout the world.|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

The general triggers for the unrest are speculated to have been centered on the failure of the [[2000 Camp David Summit]], which was expected to reach a final agreement on the [[Israeli–Palestinian peace process]] in July 2000.{{sfn|Pressman|2006|p=114}} An uptick in violent incidents started in September 2000, after Israeli politician [[Ariel Sharon]] made a provocative visit to the [[Temple Mount]];{{sfn|''NPR''|2014}}{{sfn|Pressman|2006|p=114}} the visit itself was peaceful, but, as anticipated, sparked protests and riots that Israeli police put down with rubber bullets, live ammunition, and tear gas.{{sfn|Byman|2011|p=114}} Within the first few days of the uprising, the [[Israel Defense Forces|IDF]] had fired one million rounds of ammunition.<ref name="Finkelstein, 2008">{{cite book |last=Finkelstein |first=Norman G. |author-link=Norman Finkelstein |title=Beyond Chutzpah: On the misuse of anti-Semitism and the abuse of history |date=2008 |edition=expanded paperback |chapter=4 |title-link=Beyond Chutzpah}}</ref>

During the first few weeks of the uprising, the ratio of Palestinians to Israelis killed was around 20 to 1.<ref name="Finkelstein, 2008"/> Israeli security forces engaged in gunfights, [[Targeted killing by Israel|targeted killings]], tank attacks, and airstrikes; Palestinians engaged in gunfights, [[Palestinian stone-throwing|stone-throwing]], and [[Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel|rocket attacks]].<ref name=":1">{{cite book |last=Cohen |first=Samy |chapter=Botched Engagement in the Intifada |date=2010 |title=Israel's Asymmetric Wars |pages=73–91 |location=New York |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan US |doi=10.1057/9780230112971_6 |isbn=978-1-349-28896-0}}"The al-Aqsa Intifada ushered in an era with a new brand of violence. It began with a popular uprising following Ariel Sharon's visit to Temple Mount on September 28, 2000. But unlike the first Intifada, which was basically a civil uprising against the symbols of an occupation that has lasted since June 1967, the second Intifada very quickly lapsed into an armed struggle between Palestinian activists and the Israeli armed forces. Almost from the very start, armed men took to hiding among crowds of Palestinians, using them as cover to shoot from. The IDF retaliated forcefully, each time causing several casualties."</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kober |first=Avi |date=2007 |title=Targeted Killing during the Second Intifada:: The Quest for Effectiveness |url=https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/jcs/2009-v29-jcs_27_1/jcs27_1_1art06/ |journal=[[Journal of Conflict Studies]] |language=en |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=94–114 |issn=1198-8614 |quote=Based on the assumption that there was no longer one front or one line of contact, Israel was carrying out dozens of simultaneous operations on the ground and in the air on a daily basis, including TKs, which were supposed to have multi-dimensional effects. According to Byman, TKs were mostly attractive to Israelis as they satisfied domestic demands for a forceful response to Palestinian terrorism. Byman also believes that by bolstering public morale, the TKs helped counter one of the terrorists' primary objectives – to reduce the faith of Israelis in their own government. |access-date=5 April 2022 |archive-date=5 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220405160428/https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/jcs/2009-v29-jcs_27_1/jcs27_1_1art06/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The approximate 138 [[Palestinian suicide attacks|suicide bombings]] carried out by [[Palestinian political violence|Palestinian militant factions]] after March 2001 became one of the prominent features of the Intifada and mainly targeted Israeli civilians.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Matta |first1=Nada |last2=Rojas |first2=René |date=2016 |title=The Second Intifada: A Dual Strategy Arena |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/european-journal-of-sociology-archives-europeennes-de-sociologie/article/abs/second-intifada/CEF937E5D28EFA4F4F684E6D946942BF |url-status=live |journal=European Journal of Sociology / Archives Européennes de Sociologie |language=en |volume=57 |issue=1 |page=66 |doi=10.1017/S0003975616000035 |issn=0003-9756 |s2cid=146939293 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220405161756/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/european-journal-of-sociology-archives-europeennes-de-sociologie/article/abs/second-intifada/CEF937E5D28EFA4F4F684E6D946942BF |archive-date=5 April 2022 |access-date=5 April 2022 |quote=Suicide terror, lethal attacks indiscriminately carried out against civilians via self-immolation, attained prominence in the Palestinian repertoire beginning in March 2001. From that point until the end of 2005, at which point they virtually ceased, 57 suicide bombings were carried out, causing 491 civilian deaths, 73% of the total civilians killed by Palestinian resistance organizations and 50% of all Israeli fatalities during this period. While not the modal coercive tactic, suicide terror was the most efficient in terms of lethality, our basic measure of its efficacy.|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Brym |first1=R. J. |last2=Araj |first2=B. |date=2006-06-01 |title=Suicide Bombing as Strategy and Interaction: The Case of the Second Intifada |journal=[[Social Forces]] |volume=84 |issue=4 |page=1969 |doi=10.1353/sof.2006.0081 |issn=0037-7732 |s2cid=146180585 |quote=In the early years of the 21st century, Israel, the West Bank and Gaza became the region of the world with the highest frequency of - and the highest per capita death toll due to - suicide bombing.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Schweitzer |first=Y. |date=2010 |title=The rise and fall of suicide bombings in the second Intifada |journal=Strategic Assessment |volume=13 |pages=39–48 |quote=As part of the violence perpetrated by the Palestinians during the second intifada, suicide bombings played a particularly prominent role and served as the primary effective weapon in the hands of the planners. |number=3}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Schachter |first=J. |date=2010 |title=The End of the Second Intifada? |url=https://strategicassessment.inss.org.il/wp-content/uploads/antq/fe-3427267573.pdf |journal=Strategic Assessment |volume=13 |pages=63–70 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210930061049/https://strategicassessment.inss.org.il/wp-content/uploads/antq/fe-3427267573.pdf |archive-date=30 September 2021 |quote=This article attempts to identify the end of the second intifada by focusing on the incidence of suicide bombings, arguably the most important element of second intifada-related violence. |number=3}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Sela-Shayovitz |first=R. |date=2007 |title=Suicide bombers in Israel: Their motivations, characteristics, and prior activity in terrorist organizations |journal=[[International Journal of Conflict and Violence]] |volume=1 |page=163 |quote=The period of the second Intifada significantly differs from other historical periods in Israeli history, because it has been characterized by intensive and numerous suicide attacks that have made civilian life into a battlefront. |number=2}}</ref> With a combined casualty figure for combatants and civilians, the violence is estimated to have resulted in the deaths of approximately 3,000 Palestinians and 1,000 Israelis, as well as 64 foreign nationals.<ref name=casualties2005>{{cite web |url=http://old.btselem.org/statistics/english/Casualties.asp?sD=29&sM=09&sY=2000&eD=15&eM=1&eY=2005&filterby=event&oferet_stat=before |title=B'Tselem – Statistics – Fatalities 29.9.2000–15.1.2005 |website=[[B'Tselem]] |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130414103627/http://old.btselem.org/statistics/english/Casualties.asp?sD=29&sM=09&sY=2000&eD=15&eM=1&eY=2005&filterby=event&oferet_stat=before |archive-date=14 April 2013}}</ref>

The Second Intifada had ended with the [[Sharm El Sheikh Summit of 2005|Sharm el-Sheikh Summit of 2005]],{{sfn|Tucker|2019|p=958|ps=p: he [Abbas] and Israeli prime minister Sharon agreed in an early 2005 summit to suspend hostilities. This agreement effectively ended the Second Intifada}} as Palestinian president [[Mahmoud Abbas]] and Israeli prime minister Ariel Sharon agreed to take definitive steps to de-escalate the hostilities.{{sfn|Abbas|2005}}{{sfn|Sharon|2005}} They also reaffirmed their commitment to the "[[Road map for peace|roadmap for peace]]" that had been proposed by the [[Quartet on the Middle East]] in 2003. Additionally, Sharon agreed to release 900 [[Palestinian prisoners in Israel|Palestinian prisoners]]{{sfn|Reinhart|2006|p=77}} and further stated that Israeli troops would withdraw from those parts of the [[West Bank]] that they had re-occupied while fighting Palestinian militants during the uprising.