Editing Serbia and Montenegro (section)

{{Short description|Country in Southeast Europe (1992–2006)}}
{{Redirect|FRY}}
{{for |the relations of the modern-day sovereign states of Serbia and Montenegro|Montenegro–Serbia relations}}
{{Redirect-distinguish-text|Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|the [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]]}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox former country
| conventional_long_name = {{nowrap|Federal Republic of Yugoslavia<br />{{No bold|(1992–2003)}}}}{{Clear}}{{Smaller|{{No bold|{{Lang|sh-Cyrl|Савезна Република Југославија}}{{Clear}}{{Lang|sh-Latn|Savezna Republika Jugoslavija}}}}}}<hr/>{{Nowrap|State Union of Serbia and Montenegro<br />{{No bold|(2003–2006)}}}}<br />{{Smaller |{{No bold|{{Lang|sh-Cyrl|Државна заједница Србија и Црна Гора}}{{Clear}}{{Lang|sh-Latn|Državna zajednica Srbija i Crna Gora}}}}}}
| common_name            = Serbia and Montenegro
| image_flag             = Flag of Serbia and Montenegro (1992–2006).svg
| flag_caption           = Flag
| image_coat             = [[File:Coat of arms of Serbia and Montenegro.svg|80px]]
| symbol_type            = [[Coat of arms of Serbia and Montenegro|Coat of arms]]
| image_map              = Serbia and Montenegro.svg
| map_caption            = Map of Europe in 2003: {{Legend|#218438|Location of Serbia and Montenegro}}{{Legend|#2BA849|[[United Nations Administered Kosovo|Territory claimed but not controlled]] (Kosovo)}}
| national_anthem        = "[[Hej Sloveni|Хеј, Словени]]" / "{{Lang |sh|Hej, Sloveni|italic=no}}"<br />{{small|"Hey, Slavs"}}{{parabr}}{{center|}}[[File:United States Navy Band - Hey, Slavs.ogg]]
| official_languages     = [[Serbian language|Serbian]]<ref>{{cite wikisource |quote=In the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, the Serbian language ... shall be official. |wslink=Constitution of Yugoslavia (1992) |section=Article 15 |title=Constitution of Yugoslavia (1992)}}</ref>
| recognized_languages   = [[Albanian language|Albanian]]{{·}}[[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]
| capital                = [[Belgrade]]{{ref label|a|a}}
| largest_city           = capital
| demonym                = [[Yugoslavs|Yugoslav]] (until 2003)<br />
[[Serbia|Serbian]]{{·}}[[Montenegro|Montenegrin]] (from 2003)
| government_type        ={{ubl|Federal [[parliamentary republic]] (1992–2003) |Confederated [[constitutional republic]] (2003–2006)}}
| title_leader           = [[President of Serbia and Montenegro|President]]
| leader1                = [[Dobrica Ćosić]]
| year_leader1           = 1992–1993
| leader2                = [[Zoran Lilić]]
| year_leader2           = 1993–1997
| leader3                = [[Slobodan Milošević]]
| year_leader3           = 1997–2000
| leader4                = [[Vojislav Koštunica]]
| year_leader4           = 2000–2003
| leader5                = [[Svetozar Marović]]
| year_leader5           = 2003–2006
| title_deputy           = [[Prime Minister of Serbia and Montenegro|Prime Minister]]
| deputy1                = [[Milan Panić]]
| year_deputy2           = 1993–1998
| deputy2                = [[Radoje Kontić]]
| year_deputy3           = 1998–2000
| year_deputy1           = 1992–1993
| deputy5                = [[Dragiša Pešić]]
| year_deputy6           = 2003–2006
| deputy6                = [[Svetozar Marović]]
| deputy3                = [[Momir Bulatović]]
| year_deputy4           = 2000–2001
| deputy4                = [[Zoran Žižić]]
| year_deputy5           = 2001–2003
| legislature            = [[Parliament of Serbia and Montenegro|Federal Assembly]]
| era                    = [[Yugoslav Wars]] (1992–1999)
| year_start             = 1992
| year_end               = 2006
| event_start            = [[1992 Yugoslav Constitution|Constitution]] adopted
| date_start             = 27 April
| event1                 = [[International sanctions against Serbia and Montenegro|Sanctions]]
| date_event1            = 1992–1995
| event2                 = [[Kosovo War]]
| date_event2            = 1998–1999
| event3                 = [[Overthrow of Slobodan Milošević|Bulldozer revolution]]
| date_event3            = 5 October 2000
| event4                 = [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1326|Admitted]] to the [[United Nations]]{{ref label|b|b}}
| date_event4            = 1 November 2000
| event5                 = [[Constitutional Charter of Serbia and Montenegro|State Union]]
| date_event5            = 4 February 2003
| event6                 = [[2006 Montenegrin independence referendum|Independence]] of [[Montenegro]]
| date_event6            = 3 June 2006
| event_end              = [[History of Serbia#Republic of Serbia (2006–present)|Independence of Serbia]]
| date_end               = 5 June
| population_estimate    = 10,832,545
| population_estimate_rank = 
| population_estimate_year = 2006
| currency               = Serbia:
*[[Yugoslav dinar]]<br />(1992–2003)
*[[Serbian dinar]]<br />(2003–2006)
Montenegro:{{ref label|c|c}}
*[[Yugoslav dinar]]<br />(1992–2000)
*[[Deutsche Mark]]<br />(1999–2002)
*[[Euro]]<br />(2003–2006)
| iso3166code            = CS
| cctld                  = [[.yu]]
| time_zone              = [[Central European Time|CET]]
| utc_offset             = [[UTC+1|+1]]
| utc_offset_DST         = [[UTC+2|+2]]
| time_zone_DST          = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
| calling_code           = +381
| today                  = [[Serbia]]<br />[[Montenegro]]
| footnote_a             = {{Note|a}} After 2003, no city was the official capital, but legislative and executive institutions remained located in [[Belgrade]]. [[Podgorica]] served as the seat of the Supreme Court.
| footnote_b             = {{Note|b}} Membership as the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.
| footnote_c             = {{Note|c}} The dinar and German mark had joint legal tender status in Montenegro in 1999 and 2000. N.B. Albanian parts of Kosovo have ''de facto'' used the mark since 1999 and the euro since 2002.
<!--| footnote_d             = {{Note|box5}} New flag was never adopted, instead, both sides used their own flags.-->| area_km2               = 102173
| area_rank              = 
| GDP_PPP                = {{increase}} $21.6 billion<ref name="HDI" />
| GDP_PPP_per_capita     = {{increase}} $2,650<ref name="HDI" />
| GDP_PPP_year           = 1995
| HDI                    = 0.725
| HDI_year               = 1996
| HDI_change             = steady
| HDI_rank               = 87th
| HDI_ref                = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url= http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/yugoslavia_nhdr1996.pdf |title=Human Development Report Yugoslavia 1996 | publisher =UNDP |access-date=22 June 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200801203605/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/yugoslavia_nhdr1996.pdf |archive-date=1 August 2020 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| map_width              = 315px
| flag_width             = 150px
| symbol_width           = 
| status                 = [[Sovereign state]]<br/>[[Rump state]] of [[SFR Yugoslavia]] ([[Agreement on Succession Issues of the Former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|claimed until 2001]])
| p1                     = Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia{{!}}SFR Yugoslavia
| flag_p1                = Flag of Yugoslavia (1946-1992).svg
| p2                     = Socialist Republic of Serbia{{!}}''SR Serbia''
| flag_p2                = Flag of Serbia (1947–1992); Flag of Montenegro (1946–1993).svg
| p3                     = Socialist Republic of Montenegro{{!}}''SR Montenegro''
| flag_p3                = Flag of Serbia (1947–1992); Flag of Montenegro (1946–1993).svg
| s1                     = UNMIK{{!}}'''1999:'''<br />United Nations Administered Kosovo<br />
| flag_s1                = Flag of the United Nations.svg
| s2                     = Montenegro{{!}}'''2006:'''<br />Montenegro<br />
| flag_s2                = Flag of Montenegro.svg
| s3                     = Serbia{{!}}'''2006:'''<br />Serbia<br />
| flag_s3                = Flag of Serbia (2004–2010).svg
}}
The '''State Union of Serbia and Montenegro'''{{efn|{{lang-sr-Cyrl-Latn|Државна заједница Србија и Црна Гора|Državna zajednica Srbija i Crna Gora}}}} or simply '''Serbia and Montenegro''',{{efn|{{lang-sr-Cyrl-Latn|Cрбија и Црна Гора|Srbija i Crna Gora}}}} known until 2003 as the '''Federal Republic of Yugoslavia'''{{efn|{{lang-sr-Cyrl-Latn|Савезна Република Југославија|Savezna Republika Jugoslavija}}}} and commonly referred to as '''FR Yugoslavia''' ('''FRY''') or simply '''Yugoslavia''',{{efn|{{lang-sr-Cyrl-Latn|Југославија|Jugoslavija}}}} was a country in [[Southeast Europe]] located in the [[Balkans]] that existed from 1992 to 2006, following the [[Breakup of Yugoslavia|breakup]] of the [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]] (SFR Yugoslavia). The state was founded on 27 April 1992 as a federation comprising the [[Republic of Serbia (1992–2006)|Republic of Serbia]] and the [[Republic of Montenegro (1992–2006)|Republic of Montenegro]]. In February 2003, it was transformed from a [[federal republic]] to a [[Confederation|political union]] until [[Montenegro]] seceded from the union in June 2006, leading to the full independence of both [[Serbia]] and Montenegro.

Its aspirations to be the sole legal [[successor state]] to SFR Yugoslavia were not recognized by the [[United Nations]], following the passing of [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 777]],<ref>{{cite book |author-link=Sean D. Murphy |last=Murphy |first=Sean D. |year=2002 |title=United States Practice in International Law: 1999–2001 |volume=1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=130 |isbn=978-0-521-75070-7}}</ref> which affirmed that the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia had ceased to exist, and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was a new state. All former republics were entitled to state succession while none of them continued SFR Yugoslavia's international legal personality. However, the government of [[Slobodan Milošević]] opposed any such claims, and as such, FR Yugoslavia was not allowed to join the United Nations.

Throughout its existence, FR Yugoslavia had a tense relationship with the international community,{{Clarify|reason=Which countries?|date=February 2024}} as [[International sanctions against Serbia and Montenegro|economic sanctions]]<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/10/29/world/yugoslavs-face-hard-winter-as-the-blockade-bites.html |title=Yugoslavs Face Hard Winter as the Blockade Bites |first=Paul |last=Lewis |date=29 October 1992 |work=The New York Times |access-date=29 July 2020 |archive-date=5 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205230653/https://www.nytimes.com/1992/10/29/world/yugoslavs-face-hard-winter-as-the-blockade-bites.html |url-status=live }}</ref> were issued against the state during the course of the [[Yugoslav Wars]] and [[Kosovo War]]. This also resulted in [[Hyperinflation in Serbia and Montenegro|hyperinflation between 1992 and 1994]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/worlds-greatest-unreported-hyperinflation |title=The World's Greatest Unreported Hyperinflation |date=7 May 2007 |publisher=Cato Institute |access-date=29 July 2020 |archive-date=26 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726181455/https://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/worlds-greatest-unreported-hyperinflation |url-status=live }}</ref> FR Yugoslavia's involvement in the Yugoslav Wars ended with the [[Dayton Agreement]], which recognized the independence of the Republics of Croatia, Slovenia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as establishing diplomatic relationships between the states, and a guaranteed role of the Serbian population within Bosnian politics.<ref name="auto4">{{Cite web |url= http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/icty/dayton/daytonsum.html |title= Summary of the Dayton Peace Agreement on Bosnia-Herzegovina |website= HR library |place= UMN |access-date= 29 July 2020 |archive-date= 17 August 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180817225957/http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/icty/dayton/daytonsum.html |url-status= live }}</ref> 

Later on, growing separatism within the [[Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija]], a region of Serbia heavily populated by ethnic [[Albanians]], resulted in an insurrection by the [[Kosovo Liberation Army]], an Albanian separatist group.<ref name="auto5">{{Cite journal |url= https://pureportal.coventry.ac.uk/en/publications/from-a-terrorist-group-to-a-civil-defence-corps-the-transformatio |title= From a 'terrorist' group to a 'civil defence' corps: The 'transformation' of the Kosovo Liberation Army |first= Alpaslan |last= Ozerdem |date= 27 July 2003 |journal= International Peacekeeping |volume= 10 |issue= 3 |pages= 79–101 |via= Coventry |place= UK |doi= 10.1080/13533310308559337 |s2cid= 144017700 |access-date= 29 July 2020 |archive-date= 26 July 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200726082755/https://pureportal.coventry.ac.uk/en/publications/from-a-terrorist-group-to-a-civil-defence-corps-the-transformatio |url-status= live |url-access= subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Kosovo-Liberation-Army |title=Kosovo Liberation Army History & Facts |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=29 July 2020 |archive-date=24 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924065434/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Kosovo-Liberation-Army |url-status=live }}</ref> The outbreak of the Kosovo War reintroduced [[International sanctions against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|international sanctions]], as well as eventual [[NATO bombing of Yugoslavia|NATO involvement in the conflict]]. The conflict ended with the adoption of [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244]], which guaranteed economic and political separation of [[Kosovo]] from FR Yugoslavia, to be placed under UN [[United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo|Administration]].<ref>{{Cite web |url= https://undocs.org/S/RES/1244(1999) |title= S/RES/1244(1999) - E - S/RES/1244(1999) |website= UN docs |access-date= 29 July 2020 |archive-date= 8 March 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210308040644/https://undocs.org/S/RES/1244(1999) |url-status= live }}</ref>

Economic hardship and war resulted in growing discontent with the government of Milošević and his allies, who ran both Serbia and Montenegro as an effective dictatorship.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://balkaninsight.com/2010/10/05/slobodan-milosevic-twisted-firestarter/ |title=Slobodan Milosevic – The Dictator |work=Balkan Insight |date=5 October 2010 |access-date=22 June 2021 |archive-date=29 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429010220/https://balkaninsight.com/2010/10/05/slobodan-milosevic-twisted-firestarter/ |url-status=live}}</ref> This would eventually cumulate in the [[Overthrow of Slobodan Milošević|Bulldozer revolution]], which saw his government overthrown, and replaced by one led by the [[Democratic Opposition of Serbia]] and [[Vojislav Koštunica]], which also joined the UN.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/09/24/world/un-expulsion-of-yugoslavia-breeds-defiance-and-finger-pointing.html |title=U.N. Expulsion of Yugoslavia Breeds Defiance and Finger-Pointing |first=Chuck |last=Sudetic |date=24 September 1992 |work=The New York Times |access-date=29 July 2020 |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408113225/https://www.nytimes.com/1992/09/24/world/un-expulsion-of-yugoslavia-breeds-defiance-and-finger-pointing.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2000/11/02/world/a-different-yugoslavia-8-years-later-takes-its-seat-at-the-un.html |title= A Different Yugoslavia, 8 Years Later, Takes Its Seat at the UN |agency= Associated Press |date= 2 November 2000 |work= The New York Times |access-date= 29 July 2020 |archive-date= 26 July 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200726083550/https://www.nytimes.com/2000/11/02/world/a-different-yugoslavia-8-years-later-takes-its-seat-at-the-un.html |url-status= live }}</ref> The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ended in 2003 after the [[Parliament of Serbia and Montenegro|Federal Assembly of Yugoslavia]] voted to enact the [[Constitutional Charter of Serbia and Montenegro]], which established the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro. As such, the name ''Yugoslavia'' was consigned to history.<ref>{{Cite web |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2724047.stm |title= Yugoslavia consigned to history |date= 4 February 2003 |work= BBC News |access-date= 29 July 2020 |archive-date= 8 November 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20221108060047/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2724047.stm |url-status= live }}</ref> A growing independence movement in Montenegro, led by [[Milo Đukanović]], caused the new constitution of Serbia and Montenegro to include a clause allowing for a referendum on the question of Montenegrin independence after three years.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vreme.com/cms/view.php?id=1061276 |title=Priželjkivao sam da na čelu Srbije bude – Srbijanac |work=Vreme |language=bs |date=5 July 2012 |access-date=22 June 2021 |archive-date=17 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917004219/https://www.vreme.com/cms/view.php?id=1061276 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2006, the [[2006 Montenegrin independence referendum|referendum]] was called, passing by a narrow margin.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/5043462.stm |title=Montenegro declares independence |date=4 June 2006 |work=BBC News |access-date=29 July 2020 |archive-date=11 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911232150/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/5043462.stm |url-status=live}}</ref> This led to the dissolution of the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro and the establishment of the independent republics of [[Serbia]] and [[Montenegro]], turning Serbia into a [[landlocked country]]. Some consider this the last act in the breakup of Yugoslavia.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/5006380.stm |title=Recount call in Montenegro vote |date=22 May 2006 |work=BBC News |access-date=29 July 2020 |archive-date=28 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728085307/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/5006380.stm |url-status=live}}</ref>