Editing Serbian language (section)

{{Short description|South Slavic language of the Balkans}}
{{Distinguish|text= the [[Sorbian languages]]}}
{{Pp|small=yes}}
{{Infobox language
| name             = Serbian
| nativename       = {{lang|sr|{{lang|sr-Cyrl|српски језик}} / {{lang|sr-Latn|srpski jezik}}}}
| pronunciation    = {{IPA|sh|sr̩̂pskiː|}}
| map              = Serbian language status map.svg
| mapcaption       = {{legend|#004DFF|Countries/regions where Serbian is an official language.}}
{{legend|#88C4FF|Countries/regions where it is recognized as a minority language.}}
| states           = [[Serbia]]<br>[[Bosnia and Herzegovina]]<br>[[Montenegro]]<br>[[Kosovo]]<br>[[Croatia]]
| ethnicity        = [[Serbs]]
| region           = [[Southeastern Europe]]
| speakers         = 5.5 million (Serbia)<br>1 million (Republic of Srpska)<br>250 000 (Montenegro)<br>{{circa}} 12 million
| date             = 2009/2022 census
| ref              = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rts.rs/page/stories/ci/story/124/Друштво/45759/Српски+језик+говори+12+милиона+људи+.html | title = Српски језик говори 12 милиона људи |author = <!--Not stated--> |date=2009-02-20 | publisher = РТС |lang = sr |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140223081937/http://www.rts.rs/page/stories/ci/story/124/Друштво/45759/Српски+језик+говори+12+милиона+људи+.html |archive-date = February 23, 2014}}</ref>
| speakers2        = 
| familycolor      = Indo-European
| fam2             = [[Balto-Slavic languages|Balto-Slavic]]
| fam3             = [[Slavic languages|Slavic]]
| fam4             = [[South Slavic languages|South Slavic]]
| fam5             = [[Serbo-Croatian]]
| fam6             = [[Shtokavian]]
| fam7             = [[Shtokavian#Neo-Shtokavian dialects|Neo-Shtokavian]]
| fam8             = [[Eastern Herzegovinian dialect|Eastern Herzegovinian]] and [[Šumadija–Vojvodina dialect|Šumadija-Vojvodinian]]
| iso1             = sr
| iso2             = srp
| iso3             = srp
| glotto           = serb1264
| glottorefname    = Serbian Standard
| lingua           = part of [[53-AAA-g]]
| script           = {{ubl|[[Serbian Cyrillic alphabet|Serbian Cyrillic]]|[[Gaj's Latin alphabet|Serbian Latin]]|[[Yugoslav Braille]]}}
| nation           = {{ubl|[[Serbia]]|
[[Kosovo]] (co-official)|
[[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] (co-official)|
[[Montenegro]] (co-official)<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=187544 |title=Constitution of Montenegro |chapter-url=http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=187544#LinkTarget_1506 |chapter=Language and alphabet Article 13 |publisher=[[WIPO]] |date=19 October 2007 |quote=Serbian, Bosnian, Albanian and Croatian shall also be in the official use.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728122159/http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=187544|archive-date=28 July 2013}}</ref>}}
| minority         = {{ubl|[[Croatia]]|
[[Hungary]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/education/policies/lang/languages/langmin/euromosaic/hu_de.pdf|title=Ec.Europa.eu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071130221600/http://ec.europa.eu/education/policies/lang/languages/langmin/euromosaic/hu_de.pdf |archive-date=2007-11-30|url-status=dead}}</ref>|
[[Slovakia]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.b92.net/eng/news/society-article.php?yyyy=2010&mm=02&dd=09&nav_id=65083|title=B92.net|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110174015/http://www.b92.net/eng/news/society-article.php?yyyy=2010&mm=02&dd=09&nav_id=65083 |archive-date=2013-11-10|url-status=dead}}</ref>|
[[Czech Republic]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.minorityrights.org/?lid=1834 |title=Czech Republic Overview |publisher=Minority Rights Group International  |access-date=2012-10-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026011833/http://www.minorityrights.org/?lid=1834 |archive-date=2012-10-26 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vlada.cz/assets/ppov/rnm/dokumenty/mezinarodni-dokumenty/duvodova_zprava_vlada_2005.pdf |title=Národnostní menšiny v České republice a jejich jazyky |trans-title=National Minorities in Czech Republic and Their Language |publisher=Government of Czech Republic |page=2 |quote=Podle čl. 3 odst. 2 Statutu Rady je jejich počet 12 a jsou uživateli těchto menšinových jazyků: ..., srbština a ukrajinština |language=cs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315225857/http://www.vlada.cz/assets/ppov/rnm/dokumenty/mezinarodni-dokumenty/duvodova_zprava_vlada_2005.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-15 }}</ref>|
[[North Macedonia]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.minorityrights.org/?lid=4021 |title= Macedonia Overview |publisher=Minority Rights Group International |access-date=2012-10-24 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026011843/http://www.minorityrights.org/?lid=4021 |archive-date=2012-10-26 }}</ref>|
[[Romania]]}}
| agency           = [[Board for Standardization of the Serbian Language]]
| notice           = IPA
| map2             = Lang Status 99-NE.svg
| mapcaption2      = {{center|{{small|Serbian is not endangered according to the classification system of the UNESCO ''[[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]''}}}}
}}
'''Serbian''' ({{lang|sr|{{lang|sr-Cyrl|српски}} / {{lang|sr-Latn|srpski}}}}, {{IPA|sh|sr̩̂pskiː|pron}}) is the [[standard language|standardized]] [[Variety (linguistics)#Standard varieties|variety]] of the [[Serbo-Croatian]] language mainly used by [[Serbs]].<ref>David Dalby, ''Linguasphere'' (1999/2000, Linguasphere Observatory), pg. 445, 53-AAA-g, "Srpski+Hrvatski, Serbo-Croatian".</ref><ref>Benjamin W. Fortson IV, ''Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction'', 2nd ed. (2010, Blackwell), p. 431, "Because of their mutual intelligibility, Serbian, Croatian, and Bosnian are usually thought of as constituting one language called Serbo-Croatian."</ref><ref>Václav Blažek, "On the Internal Classification of Indo-European Languages: Survey" [http://www.phil.muni.cz/linguistica/art/blazek/bla-003.pdf retrieved 20 Oct 2010] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204101748/http://www.phil.muni.cz/linguistica/art/blazek/bla-003.pdf |date=2012-02-04 }}, pp. 15–16.</ref><ref>{{cite journal|first=Jelena|last=Ćalić|title=Pluricentricity in the classroom: the Serbo-Croatian language issue for foreign language teaching at higher education institutions worldwide|journal=Sociolinguistica: European Journal of Sociolinguistics|publisher=De Gruyter|issn=0933-1883|doi=10.1515/soci-2021-0007|volume=35|issue=1|pages=113–140|year=2021|s2cid=244134335 |quote=The debate about the status of the Serbo-Croatian language and its varieties has recently shifted (again) towards a position which looks at the internal variation within Serbo-Croatian through the prism of linguistic pluricentricity|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Mader Skender|first=Mia|title=Die kroatische Standardsprache auf dem Weg zur Ausbausprache|language=German|trans-title=The Croatian standard language on the way to ausbau language|chapter=Schlussbemerkung|trans-chapter=Summary|url=https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/215815/|format=PDF|publisher=University of Zurich, Faculty of Arts, Institute of Slavonic Studies|series=UZH Dissertations|pages=196–197|location=Zurich|year=2022|doi=10.5167/uzh-215815 |accessdate=8 June 2022|type=Dissertation |quote=Obwohl das Kroatische sich in den letzten Jahren in einigen Gebieten, vor allem jedoch auf lexikalischer Ebene, verändert hat, sind diese Änderungen noch nicht bedeutend genug, dass der Terminus Ausbausprache gerechtfertigt wäre. Ausserdem können sich Serben, Kroaten, Bosnier und Montenegriner immer noch auf ihren jeweiligen Nationalsprachen unterhalten und problemlos verständigen. Nur schon diese Tatsache zeigt, dass es sich immer noch um eine polyzentrische Sprache mit verschiedenen Varietäten handelt.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Kordić|first=Snježana|author-link=Snježana Kordić|editor-last1=Nomachi|editor-first1=Motoki|editor-link1=Motoki Nomachi|editor-last2=Kamusella|editor-first2=Tomasz|editor-link2=Tomasz Kamusella|title=Languages and Nationalism Instead of Empires|publisher=[[Routledge]]|series=Routledge Histories of Central and Eastern Europe|pages=168–169|chapter=Ideology Against Language: The Current Situation in South Slavic Countries|chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/372202077|chapter-format=PDF|language=en|location=London|year=2024|doi=10.4324/9781003034025-11|doi-access=|isbn=978-0-367-47191-0|lccn=|oclc=1390118985|s2cid=259576119|s2cid-access=|ssrn=4680766|ssrn-access=free|id={{COBISS.SR|125229577}}. {{COBISS|171014403}}|archive-url=https://archive.org/details/kordic-ideology-against-language |archive-date=2024-01-10|access-date=2024-01-23|url-status=live}}</ref> It is the official and national language of [[Serbia]], one of the three official languages of [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] and co-official in [[Montenegro]] and [[Kosovo]]. It is a recognized minority language in [[Croatia]], [[North Macedonia]], [[Romania]], [[Hungary]], [[Slovakia]], and the [[Czech Republic]].

Standard Serbian is based on the most widespread dialect of Serbo-Croatian, [[Shtokavian]] (more specifically on the dialects of [[Šumadija–Vojvodina dialect|Šumadija-Vojvodina]] and [[Eastern Herzegovinian dialect|Eastern Herzegovina]]),<ref>{{citation |author1=Ljiljana Subotić |author2=Dejan Sredojević |author3=Isidora Bjelaković |title=Fonetika i fonologija: Ortoepska i ortografska norma standardnog srpskog jezika |language=sh |year=2012 |publisher=FILOZOFSKI FAKULTET NOVI SAD |url=http://digitalnabiblioteka.tk/digitalna-biblioteka?task=view&id=56&catid=903 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103173557/http://digitalnabiblioteka.tk/digitalna-biblioteka?task=view&id=56&catid=903 |archive-date=2014-01-03 }}</ref> which is also the basis of [[Croatian language|standard Croatian]], [[Bosnian language|Bosnian]], and [[Montenegrin language|Montenegrin]] varieties<ref>[http://www.rferl.org/content/Serbian_Croatian_Bosnian_or_Montenegrin_Many_In_Balkans_Just_Call_It_Our_Language_/1497105.html Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, Or Montenegrin? Or Just 'Our Language'?] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101105003544/http://www.rferl.org/content/Serbian_Croatian_Bosnian_or_Montenegrin_Many_In_Balkans_Just_Call_It_Our_Language_/1497105.html |date=2010-11-05 }}, ''[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]'', February 21, 2009</ref> and therefore the [[Declaration on the Common Language]] of Croats, Bosniaks, Serbs, and Montenegrins was issued in 2017.<ref>{{cite magazine|first=Dan|last=Nosovitz|date=11 February 2019|title=What Language Do People Speak in the Balkans, Anyway?|url=https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/what-language-is-spoken-in-the-balkans|magazine=[[Atlas Obscura]]|archive-date=11 February 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190211191959/https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/what-language-is-spoken-in-the-balkans|access-date=6 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Zanelli|first=Aldo|year=2018|title=Eine Analyse der Metaphern in der kroatischen Linguistikfachzeitschrift Jezik von 1991 bis 1997|trans-title=Analysis of Metaphors in Croatian Linguistic Journal ''Language'' from 1991 to 1997|language=de|series=Studien zur Slavistik; 41|location=Hamburg|publisher=Kovač|pages=21, 83|isbn=978-3-8300-9773-0|oclc=1023608613}} [http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=001013945 (NSK)]. [https://koha.ffzg.hr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=385977 (FFZG)]</ref> The other dialect spoken by Serbs is [[Torlakian dialect|Torlakian]] in southeastern Serbia, which is transitional to [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]] and [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]].

Serbian is practically the only European standard language whose speakers are fully functionally [[Digraphia|digraphic]],<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.deepdyve.com/lp/de-gruyter/digraphia-in-the-territories-of-the-croats-and-serbs-9biWZDK0Vs/1|title=Digraphia in the territories of the Croats and Serbs|first=Thomas F.|last=Magner|date=10 January 2001|journal=International Journal of the Sociology of Language|issue=150|access-date=27 April 2018|doi=10.1515/ijsl.2001.028|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011114443/https://www.deepdyve.com/lp/de-gruyter/digraphia-in-the-territories-of-the-croats-and-serbs-9biWZDK0Vs/1|archive-date=11 October 2017|url-access=subscription}}</ref> using both [[Serbian Cyrillic alphabet|Cyrillic]] and [[Gaj's Latin alphabet|Latin]] alphabets. The Serbian Cyrillic alphabet was devised in 1814 by Serbian linguist [[Vuk Karadžić]], who created it based on [[Phonemic orthography|phonemic]] principles. The Latin alphabet used for Serbian ({{lang|shr|latinica}}) was designed by the Croatian linguist [[Ljudevit Gaj]] in the 1830s based on the Czech system with a one-to-one grapheme-phoneme correlation between the Cyrillic and Latin orthographies, resulting in a parallel system.<ref name="ComrieCorbett2003">{{cite book|last1=Comrie|first1=Bernard|author-link1=Bernard Comrie|last2=Corbett|first2=Greville G.|title=The Slavonic Languages|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uRF9Yiso1OIC&pg=PA45|access-date=23 December 2013|date=1 September 2003|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-203-21320-9|page=45|quote=Following Vuk's  reform of Cyrillic (see above) in the early nineteenth century, Ljudevit Gaj in the 1830s performed the same operation on Latinica, using the Czech system and producing a one-to-one symbol correlation between Cyrillic and Latinica as applied to the Serbian and Croatian parallel system.}}</ref>