Editing Shining Path (section)

{{Short description|Maoist communist party in Peru}}
{{Distinguish|text=the [[Militarized Communist Party of Peru]]}}
{{Use American English|date=February 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox political party
| name             = Communist Party of Peru
| native_name      = Partido Comunista del Perú
| native_name_lang = es
| logo             = Emblem of the PCP-Shining Path.svg
| logo_upright     = 0.66
| colorcode        = #CD0000
| abbreviation     = PCP (official)<br />PCP-SL (unofficial)
| leader1_title    = Leaders
| leader1_name     = {{plainlist|
* [[Abimael Guzmán]] (1969–1993)
* [[Óscar Ramírez (terrorist)|Óscar Ramírez]] (1993–1999)
}}
| founder          = Abimael Guzmán
| foundation       = 1969 {{small|(de facto)}}
| split            = [[Peruvian Communist Party (Marxist–Leninist)|Peruvian Communist Party – Red Flag]]
| headquarters     = 
| wing1_title      = Armed wing
| wing1            = People's Liberation Army
| ideology         = {{ubl|class=nowrap
 | [[Communism]]
 | [[Marxism–Leninism–Maoism]]
 | [[Gonzalo Thought]]
 | [[Anti-revisionism]]
 | [[Revolutionary socialism]]
}}
| position         = [[Far-left politics|Far-left]]
| international    = {{unbulleted list|International Communist League|[[Revolutionary Internationalist Movement]] (defunct)}}
| colors           = {{color box|#CD0000|border=darkgray}} Red
| slogan           = {{lang|es|¡Viva la Guerra Popular! ¡Guerra Popular hasta el comunismo!}} ("Long live the People's War! People's War until communism!")
| flag             = Flag of PCP-Sendero Luminoso.svg
| website          = 
| country          = Peru
| successor        = {{plainlist|
*[[#Political wing|Negotiating faction]]{{efn|Known locally as "accord-seekers" ''({{langx|es|acuerdistas}})'', this faction seeks the "political solution to the problems derived from the people's war", a political strategy by Guzmán that was updated in 2006 to include a "general amnesty and national reconciliation". Its organisations are:
*'''MOVADEF''': active from 2009 to 2024.<ref name=MOVADEF2024>{{Cite news |title=La justicia peruana disuelve el ala política de Sendero Luminoso y condena a Elena Iparraguirre |date=2024-10-29 |url=https://www.rfi.fr/es/am%C3%A9ricas/20241029-la-justicia-peruana-disuelve-el-ala-pol%C3%ADtica-de-sendero-luminoso-y-condena-a-elena-iparraguirre |work=[[Radio France Internationale]]}}</ref>
*'''FUDEPP''': active since 2014.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Fudepp: la nueva fachada del Movadef en cuatro claves |date=2016-09-28 |url=https://elcomercio.pe/politica/actualidad/fudepp-nueva-fachada-movadef-cuatro-claves-399135-noticia/ |work=[[El Comercio (Peru)|El Comercio]]}}</ref>}}
*[[#Remnants (1993–present)|Combatant faction]]{{efn|Known by the [[Peruvian government]] as Shining Path Remnants (''{{langx|es|remanentes de Sendero Luminoso}}''),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gob.pe/institucion/mindef/noticias/84794-sendero-luminoso-sufre-deserciones-por-estrategia-militar-y-policial-en-el-vraem |title=Sendero Luminoso sufre deserciones por estrategia militar y policial en el Vraem |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=21 February 2020 |website=gob.pe |publisher=Gobierno del Perú |access-date=27 May 2021}}</ref> this faction's groups rejected the peace talks of 1993 to continue the conflict:
*'''PCP – Pro-Seguir (Sendero Rojo)''': active from 1992 to 1999 in the [[Valle de los Ríos Apurímac, Ene y Mantaro|VRAEM area]].
*'''PCP – Red Mantaro Base Committee''': active since 2001 in the [[Mantaro Valley|Mantaro area]].
*'''PCP – Huallaga Regional Committe''': active from 2004 to 2012 in the [[Huallaga River|Huallaga area]].
*'''[[Militarized Communist Party of Peru]]''': successor of PCP Pro-Seguir. Separate from the SL since 2018.
}}
}}
}}
The '''Shining Path''' ({{langx|es|Sendero Luminoso}}, '''SL'''), self-named the '''Communist Party of Peru''' ({{lang|es|Partido Comunista del Perú}}, [[abbr.]] '''PCP'''), is a [[Far-left politics|far-left]] political party and [[guerrilla group]] in [[Peru]], following [[Marxism–Leninism–Maoism]] and [[Gonzalo Thought]]. Academics often refer to the group as the '''Communist Party of Peru – Shining Path''' ({{lang|es|Partido Comunista del Perú – Sendero Luminoso}}, abbr. PCP-SL) to distinguish it from other communist parties in Peru.

When it first launched its "[[people's war]]" in 1980, the Shining Path's goal was to overthrow the government through guerrilla warfare and replace it with a [[New Democracy]]. The Shining Path believed that by establishing a [[dictatorship of the proletariat]], inducing a [[cultural revolution]], and eventually sparking a [[world revolution]], they could arrive at [[Communist society|full communism]]. Their representatives stated that the then-existing [[Socialist state|socialist countries]] were [[Marxist revisionism|revisionist]], and the Shining Path was the [[Vanguardism|vanguard]] of the world communist movement. The Shining Path's ideology and tactics have influenced other Maoist [[Insurgency|insurgent]] groups such as the [[Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)]] and other [[Revolutionary Internationalist Movement]]-affiliated organizations.<ref>Maske, Mahesh. "Maovichar", in ''Studies in Nepali History and Society'', Vol. 7, No. 2 (December 2002), p. 275.</ref>

The Shining Path has been widely condemned for its excessive brutality, including violence deployed against [[peasant]]s, such as the [[1983 Lucanamarca massacre|Lucanamarca massacre]], as well as for its violence towards trade union organizers, competing [[Marxist]] groups, elected officials, and the general public.<ref name=Quien>{{cite journal |last=Burt |first=Jo-Marie |date=October 2006 |title='Quien habla es terrorista': The political use of fear in Fujimori's Peru |journal=Latin American Research Review |volume=41 |issue=3 |page=38 |doi=10.1353/lar.2006.0036 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The Shining Path is regarded as a [[Terrorism|terrorist]] organization by the government of Peru, along with Japan,<ref name="Japan_ban">{{cite web |url=http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/announce/2002/7/0705.html |title=MOFA: Implementation of the Measures including the Freezing of Assets against Terrorists and the Like |access-date=21 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130406134416/http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/announce/2002/7/0705.html |archive-date=6 April 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> the United States,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/country-reports-on-terrorism-2020/#SL |title=Country Reports on Terrorism 2020 |publisher=[[U.S. Department of State]] |date=December 2021 |pages=309–10}}</ref> the [[European Union]],<ref>[http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/site/en/oj/2005/l_340/l_34020051223en00800084.pdf Council Common Position 2005/936/CFSP.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111122092156/http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/site/en/oj/2005/l_340/l_34020051223en00800084.pdf |date=22 November 2011}}. 14 March 2005. Retrieved 13 January 2008.</ref> and Canada,<ref>Government of Canada. [http://www.psepc.gc.ca/prg/ns/le/cle-en.asp#sl36 "Listed Entities"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061119150657/http://www.psepc.gc.ca/prg/ns/le/cle-en.asp |date=19 November 2006}}. Retrieved 11 June 2009.</ref> all of whom consequently prohibit funding and other financial support to the group.

Since the capture of Shining Path founder [[Abimael Guzmán]] in 1992 and of his successors [[Óscar Ramírez (terrorist)|Óscar Ramírez]] ("Comrade Feliciano") in 1999 and [[Comrade Artemio|Eleuterio Flores]] ("Comrade Artemio") in 2012, the Shining Path has declined in activity.{{sfn|Rochlin|2003|p=3}}<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=Robbins|first=Seth|date=4 September 2020|title=Peru in Familiar Stalemate With Shining Path Rebels|url=https://www.insightcrime.org/news/brief/peru-stalemate-shining-path/|access-date=3 December 2020|website=[[InSight Crime]]|language=en-US}}</ref> The main remaining faction of the Shining Path, the '''[[Militarized Communist Party of Peru]]''' ('''MPCP'''),{{efn|Following Guzmán's talks with the Peruvian government in 1992, his "pro-agreement" faction was opposed by [[Óscar Ramírez (terrorist)|Óscar Ramírez]]'s '''Communist Party of Peru – Marxist-Leninist-Maoist''' ({{lang|es|Partido Comunista del Perú – Marxista-Leninista-Maoísta}}, abbr. PCP-MLM), better known as '''Sendero Rojo''', or as the '''Pro-Seguir''' faction ('''SL-Proseguir'''). This group operated until Ramírez's capture in 1999, after which the group was reoganised under the Quispe Palomino brothers. It formally renounced its links to the Shining Path and declared itself a separate entity in 2018.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|last=Stone|first=Hannah|date=27 March 2017|title=US Indicts Shining Path Rebels as Drug War Focus Shifts to Peru|url=https://www.insightcrime.org/news/analysis/us-indicts-shining-path-drug-war-focus-peru/|access-date=4 December 2020|website=[[InSight Crime]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|last=Gorder|first=Gabrielle|date=23 September 2019|title=Peru's Shining Path Plots Unlikely Return to Power|url=https://www.insightcrime.org/news/analysis/shining-path-return-power-peru/|access-date=4 December 2020|website=[[InSight Crime]]|language=en-US}}</ref>}} is active in the [[Valle de los Ríos Apurímac, Ene y Mantaro|VRAEM region]] of Peru, and it has since distanced itself from the Shining Path's legacy in 2018 in order to maintain the support of peasants previously persecuted by the Shining Path.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /> In addition to the MPCP, the '''Communist Party of Peru – Red Mantaro Base Committee''' ('''PCP-CBMR''') has been operating in the [[Mantaro Valley]] since 2001, while the '''Communist Party of Peru – Huallaga Regional Committee''' ('''PCP-CRH'''){{efn|Also known simply as the "Huallaga Faction".}} was active at the [[Huallaga River|Huallaga region]] from 2004 until Comrade Artemio's capture in 2012.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sendero Luminoso desaparece del Huallaga tras captura de sucesor de "Artemio" |date=2013-12-09 |url=https://andina.pe/agencia/noticia-sendero-luminoso-desaparece-del-huallaga-tras-captura-sucesor-artemio-486088.aspx |work=[[Andina (news agency)|Andina]]}}</ref>