Editing Simula (section)

{{Short description|Early object-oriented programming language}}
{{about|the programming language|the village in Estonia|Simula, Estonia}}
{{distinguish|text=[[Simulia (company)|Simulia]]}}
{{Infobox programming language
| name = Simula
| logo = Simula - logo.svg
| logo caption = 
| screenshot = <!-- Filename only -->
| screenshot caption = 
| paradigms = [[Multi-paradigm programming language|Multi-paradigm]]: [[Procedural programming|procedural]], [[Imperative programming|imperative]], [[Structured programming|structured]], [[Object-oriented programming|object-oriented]]
| family = [[ALGOL]]
| designer = [[Ole-Johan Dahl]]
| developer = [[Kristen Nygaard]]
| released = {{Start date and age|1962}}
| latest release version = Simula 67, Simula I
| latest release date = <!-- {{Start date and age|1987}} -->
| typing = [[Static type|Static]], [[Nominal type system|nominative]]
| scope = [[Scope (computer science)|Lexical]]
| programming language = [[ALGOL 60]] (mostly)<br/>[[SIMSCRIPT]] (some parts)
| dialects = 
| influenced by = [[ALGOL 60]], [[SIMSCRIPT]]
| influenced = [[BETA (programming language)|BETA]], [[CLU (programming language)|CLU]], [[Eiffel (programming language)|Eiffel]], [[Emerald (programming language)|Emerald]], [[Pascal (programming language)|Pascal]], [[Smalltalk]], [[C++]], and many other [[List of object-oriented programming languages|object-oriented programming languages]]<!-- criteria: says "influenced by simula" on page, not multi-paradigm -->
| operating system = [[Unix-like]], [[Windows]], [[z/OS]], [[TOPS-10]], [[MVS]]
| license = 
| website = {{URL|www.simula67.info}}
}}
'''Simula''' is the name of two [[Simulation language|simulation]] [[programming language]]s, Simula I and Simula 67, developed in the 1960s at the [[Norwegian Computing Center]] in [[Oslo]], by [[Ole-Johan Dahl]] and [[Kristen Nygaard]]. [[Syntax (programming languages)|Syntactically]], it is an approximate [[Subset|superset]] of [[ALGOL 60]],<ref name="CommonBase">{{cite report |last1=Dahl |first1=Ole-Johan |author-link=Ole-Johan Dahl |last2=Myhrhaug |first2=Bjørn |last3=Nygaard |first3=Kristen |author3-link=Kristen Nygaard |date=1970 |url=http://www.edelweb.fr/Simula/#7 |title=Common Base Language |publisher=Norwegian Computing Center |access-date=17 November 2020 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225084408/http://www.edelweb.fr/Simula/scb-1.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-25}}</ref>{{rp|1.3.1}} and was also influenced by the design of [[SIMSCRIPT]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Development of the Simula Languages |url=https://hannemyr.com/cache/knojd_acm78.pdf |last=Nygaard |first=Kristen |author-link=Kristen Nygaard |date=1978 |quote=The development of .. SIMULA I and SIMULA 67... were influenced by the design of SIMSCRIPT ...}}</ref>

Simula 67 introduced [[Object (computer science)|objects]],<ref name="CommonBase"/>{{rp|2, 5.3}} [[Class (computer programming)|classes]],<ref name="CommonBase"/>{{rp|1.3.3, 2}} [[Inheritance (object-oriented programming)|inheritance]] and [[Subclass (computer science)|subclasses]],<ref name="CommonBase"/>{{rp|2.2.1}} [[Virtual function|virtual procedures]],<ref name="CommonBase"/>{{rp|2.2.3}} [[coroutine]]s,<ref name="CommonBase"/>{{rp|9.2}} and [[discrete event simulation]],<ref name="CommonBase"/>{{rp|14.2}} and featured [[Garbage collection (computer science)|garbage collection]].<ref name="CommonBase"/>{{rp|9.1}} Other forms of [[subtyping]] (besides inheriting subclasses) were introduced in Simula derivatives.{{citation needed|date=December 2013}}

Simula is considered the [[Object-oriented programming#History|first object-oriented programming language]]. As its name suggests, the first Simula version by 1962 was designed for doing [[simulation]]s; Simula 67 though was designed to be a general-purpose programming language<ref>Kristen Nygaard and Ole-Johan Dahl. 1978. The development of the SIMULA languages. History of programming languages. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 439–480. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1145/800025.1198392</ref> and provided the framework for many of the features of object-oriented languages today.

Simula has been used in a wide range of applications such as simulating [[very-large-scale integration]] (VLSI) designs, [[process modeling]], [[communication protocol]]s, [[algorithm]]s, and other applications such as [[typesetting]], [[computer graphics]], and [[education]].

Computer scientists such as [[Bjarne Stroustrup]], creator of C++, and [[James Gosling]], creator of Java, have acknowledged Simula as a major influence.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wong |first=William |title=Before C, What Did You Use? |url=http://www.electronicdesign.com/embedded-revolution/c-what-did-you-use |website=Electronic Design |access-date=22 May 2017}}</ref> Simula-type objects are reimplemented in [[C++]], [[Object Pascal]], [[Java (programming language)|Java]], [[C Sharp (programming language)|C#]], and many other languages.