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Skeletal animation
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{{Short description|Computer animation technique}} {{More citations needed|date=December 2007}} [[File:Sintel-hand (cropped).png|thumb|Joints or bones (in green) used to pose a hand. In practice, the joints themselves are often hidden and replaced by more user-friendly objects or simply toggled invisible. In this example from the open source project [[Blender (software)|Blender]], these "handles" (in blue) have been scaled down to bend the fingers. The joints are still controlling the deformation, but the animator only sees the handles.]] '''Skeletal animation''' or '''rigging''' is a technique in [[computer animation]] in which a [[Character (animation)|character]] (or other articulated object) is represented in two parts: a polygonal or parametric mesh representation of the surface of the object, and a hierarchical set of interconnected parts (called joints or bones, and collectively forming the skeleton), a virtual [[Armature (sculpture)|armature]] used to animate (pose and keyframe) the mesh.<ref>{{cite web |title=Skeletal Animation |last=Soriano | first=Marc |publisher=Bourns College of Engineering |url= http://alumni.cs.ucr.edu/~sorianom/cs134_09win/lab5.htm |access-date=5 January 2011}}</ref> While this technique is often used to animate humans and other organic figures, it only serves to make the animation process more intuitive, and the same technique can be used to control the deformation of any object—such as a door, a spoon, a building, or a galaxy. When the animated object is more general than, for example, a humanoid character, the set of "bones" may not be hierarchical or interconnected, but simply represent a higher-level description of the motion of the part of mesh it is influencing. The technique was introduced in 1988 by [[Nadia Magnenat Thalmann]], Richard Laperrière, and [[Daniel Thalmann]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Magnenat-Thalmann |first1=Nadia |last2=Laperrière |first2=Richard |last3=Thalmann |first3=Daniel |title=Joint-Dependent Local Deformations for Hand Animation and Object Grasping |journal=Proceedings of Graphics Interface '88 |location=Edmonton |date=6–10 June 1988 |pages=26–33}}</ref> This technique is used in virtually all animation systems where simplified user interfaces allows animators to control often complex algorithms and a huge amount of geometry; most notably through [[inverse kinematics]] and other "goal-oriented" techniques.
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