Editing Slave rebellion (section)

{{Short description|Armed uprising by slaves}}
[[File:Tod des Spartacus by Hermann Vogel.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|Death of the gladiator [[Spartacus]] by Hermann Vogel, 1882]]
{{slavery}}
A '''slave rebellion''' is an armed uprising by [[Slavery|slaves]], as a way of fighting for their freedom. Rebellions of slaves have occurred in nearly all societies that practice slavery or have practiced slavery in the past. A desire for freedom and the dream of successful rebellion is often the greatest object of song, art, and culture amongst the enslaved population. These events, however, are often violently opposed and suppressed by slaveholders.

Ancient [[Sparta]] had a special type of [[Serfdom|serf]] called ''[[helots]]'' who were often treated harshly, leading them to rebel.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ancienthistory.about.com/cs/sparta/a/spartamilitstat.htm |title=Sparta – A Military City-State |publisher=Ancienthistory.about.com |access-date=2013-10-04 |archive-date=2005-11-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051107173313/http://ancienthistory.about.com/cs/sparta/a/spartamilitstat.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> According to [[Herodotus]] (IX, 28–29), helots were seven times as numerous as Spartans. Every autumn, according to [[Plutarch]] (''Life of Lycurgus'', 28, 3–7), the Spartan [[ephor]]s would [[pro forma]] declare war on the helot population so that any Spartan citizen could kill a helot without fear of blood or guilt in order to keep them in line (''[[crypteia]]''). In the [[Roman Empire]], though the heterogeneous nature of the slave population worked against a strong sense of solidarity, [[slave revolts in ancient Rome|slave revolts]] did occur and were severely punished.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/romans/slavery_03.shtml |title=Resisting Slavery in Ancient Rome By Professor Keith Bradle |publisher=Bbc.co.uk |access-date=2013-10-04 |archive-date=2009-02-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202114549/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/romans/slavery_03.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> The most famous slave rebellion in [[Europe]] was led by [[Spartacus]] in [[Roman Republic|Roman]] [[Italy]], the [[Third Servile War]]. This war resulted in the 6,000 surviving rebel slaves being [[crucifixion|crucified]] along the main roads leading into Rome.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ancienthistory.about.com/cs/slavesandslavery/a/slavewars.htm |title=The Sicilian Slave Wars and Spartacus |publisher=Ancienthistory.about.com |access-date=2013-10-04 |archive-date=2013-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004215721/http://ancienthistory.about.com/cs/slavesandslavery/a/slavewars.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> This was the third in a series of unrelated [[Roman Servile Wars|Servile Wars]] fought by [[Slavery in ancient Rome|slaves against the Romans]].

The [[Mamluk Sultanate]] reigned for centuries out of a slave rebellion{{dubious|date=November 2022}} in Egypt.  It gave birth to both the [[Bahri dynasty]] and [[Burji dynasty]] and their countless artistic and scientific achievements.  Among many accomplishments, the Mamluks were responsible for turning back the [[Mongol]] conquest. In [[Russia]], the slaves were usually classified as [[kholop]]s. A kholop's master had unlimited power over his life. Slavery remained a major institution in [[Russia]] until 1723, when [[Peter the Great]] converted the household slaves into house [[Serfdom in Russia|serfs]]. Russian agricultural slaves were formally converted into serfs earlier in 1679.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24160 |title=Ways of ending slavery |encyclopedia=Britannica.com |date=1910-01-31 |access-date=2013-10-04 |archive-date=2013-03-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309101044/http://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24160 |url-status=live }}</ref> During the 16th and 17th centuries, runaway serfs and kholops known as [[Cossacks]], ("outlaws") formed autonomous communities in the southern steppes.  There were numerous rebellions against slavery and [[serfdom]], most often in conjunction with Cossack uprisings, such as the uprisings of [[Ivan Bolotnikov]] (1606–1607), [[Stenka Razin]] (1667–1671),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fsmitha.com/h3/h20russ.htm |title=Russia before Peter the Great |publisher=Fsmitha.com |access-date=2013-10-04 |archive-date=2004-12-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041208163438/http://www.fsmitha.com/h3/h20russ.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Kondraty Bulavin]] (1707–1709), and [[Yemelyan Pugachev]] (1773–1775), often involving hundreds of thousands and sometimes millions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://schools.cbe.ab.ca/b628/social/russia/rebellions.html |title=Rebellions |publisher=Schools.cbe.ab.ca |access-date=2013-10-04 |archive-date=2018-05-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180502113852/http://schools.cbe.ab.ca/b628/social/russia/rebellions.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Between the end of the [[Pugachev rebellion]] and the beginning of the 19th century, there were hundreds of outbreaks across Russia.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/4503 |title=The Slave Revolts |publisher=Nybooks.com |access-date=2013-10-04 |last1=Aptheker |first1=Herbert |last2=Woodward |first2=C. Vann |archive-date=2009-01-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090112151012/http://www.nybooks.com/articles/4503 |url-status=live }}</ref>

One of the most successful slave rebellions in history was the [[Haitian Revolution]], which saw self-emancipated slaves in the [[French colonial empire|French colony]] of [[Saint-Domingue]] overthrow the colonial government and repulse invasion attempts by the French, Spanish and British to establish the independent state of [[Haiti]]. In the 9th century, the poet Ali bin Muhammad led imported East African slaves against the [[Abbasid Caliphate]] in Iraq during the [[Zanj Rebellion]]. [[Nanny of the Maroons]] was an 18th-century leader of the [[Jamaican Maroons]] who led them to victory in the [[First Maroon War]]. The [[Palmares (quilombo)|Quilombo dos Palmares]] of Brazil flourished under [[Ganga Zumba]]. In the [[United States]], the [[1811 German Coast Uprising]] in the [[Territory of Orleans]] was the largest rebellion in the continental United States; [[Denmark Vesey]] and [[Madison Washington]] both launched slave rebellions in the U.S. as well.