Editing Small RNA (section)

{{Short description|Small, usually non-coding RNA molecule}}{{For|the RNA formerly known as sRNA|soluble RNA}}{{See also|Bacterial small RNA}}
'''Small RNA''' ('''sRNA''') are polymeric [[RNA]] molecules that are less than 200 [[nucleotide]]s in length, and are usually [[non-coding RNA|non-coding]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Storz G | title = An expanding universe of noncoding RNAs | journal = Science | volume = 296 | issue = 5571 | pages = 1260–3 | date = May 2002 | pmid = 12016301 | doi = 10.1126/science.1072249 | s2cid = 35295924 | bibcode = 2002Sci...296.1260S }}</ref> [[RNA silencing]] is often a function of these molecules, with the most common and well-studied example being [[RNA interference]] (RNAi), in which endogenously (from within the organism) expressed [[microRNA]] (miRNA) or endogenously/exogenously (from outside the organism) derived [[small interfering RNA]] (siRNA) induces the degradation of [[complementarity (molecular biology)|complementary]] [[messenger RNA]].<ref>{{Citation |last1=Billi |first1=Allison C. |title=Endogenous RNAi pathways in C. elegans |date=2018 |work=WormBook: The Online Review of C. elegans Biology [Internet] |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK206718/ |access-date=2025-05-05 |publisher=WormBook |language=en |pmid=24816713 |last2=Fischer |first2=Sylvia E. J. |last3=Kim |first3=John K.|pages=1–49 |doi=10.1895/wormbook.1.170.1 |pmc=4781133 }}</ref> Other classes of small RNA have been identified, including [[piwi-interacting RNA]] (piRNA) and its subspecies [[rasiRNA|repeat associated small interfering RNA]] (rasiRNA).<ref name=Gunawardane>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gunawardane LS, Saito K, Nishida KM, Miyoshi K, Kawamura Y, Nagami T, Siomi H, Siomi MC | display-authors = 6 | title = A slicer-mediated mechanism for repeat-associated siRNA 5' end formation in Drosophila | journal = Science | volume = 315 | issue = 5818 | pages = 1587–90 | date = March 2007 | pmid = 17322028 | doi = 10.1126/science.1140494 | s2cid = 11513777 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Small RNA "is unable to induce RNAi alone, and to accomplish the task it must form the core of the RNA–protein complex termed the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), specifically with Argonaute protein".<ref name = "Meyers_2012">{{cite book | vauthors = Meyers RA |title=Epigenetic Regulation and Epigenomics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N9QXSmgGDugC&pg=PA366 |date=2012 |publisher =  Wiley-Blackwell |isbn=978-3-527-66861-8}}</ref>{{rp|366}}
[[File:Rna interference plos.svg|thumb|A simplified overview of RNAi.]]
Small RNA have been detected or sequenced using a range of techniques, including directly by [[MicroRNA sequencing]] on several sequencing platforms,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lu C, Tej SS, Luo S, Haudenschild CD, Meyers BC, Green PJ | title = Elucidation of the small RNA component of the transcriptome | journal = Science | volume = 309 | issue = 5740 | pages = 1567–9 | date = September 2005 | pmid = 16141074 | doi = 10.1126/science.1114112 | s2cid = 1651848 | bibcode = 2005Sci...309.1567L }}</ref><ref name="WuLu2011">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wu Q, Lu Z, Li H, Lu J, Guo L, Ge Q | title = Next-generation sequencing of microRNAs for breast cancer detection | journal = Journal of Biomedicine & Biotechnology | volume = 2011 | pages = 597145 | year = 2011 | pmid = 21716661 | pmc = 3118289 | doi = 10.1155/2011/597145 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="RubyJan2006">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ruby JG, Jan C, Player C, Axtell MJ, Lee W, Nusbaum C, Ge H, Bartel DP | display-authors = 6 | title = Large-scale sequencing reveals 21U-RNAs and additional microRNAs and endogenous siRNAs in C. elegans | journal = Cell | volume = 127 | issue = 6 | pages = 1193–207 | date = December 2006 | pmid = 17174894 | doi = 10.1016/j.cell.2006.10.040 | s2cid = 16838469 | doi-access = free }}</ref> or indirectly through genome sequencing and analysis.<ref name="WittenTibshirani2010">{{cite journal | vauthors = Witten D, Tibshirani R, Gu SG, Fire A, Lui WO | title = Ultra-high throughput sequencing-based small RNA discovery and discrete statistical biomarker analysis in a collection of cervical tumours and matched controls | journal = BMC Biology | volume = 8 | issue = 1 | pages = 58 | date = May 2010 | pmid = 20459774 | pmc = 2880020 | doi = 10.1186/1741-7007-8-58 | doi-access = free }}</ref>  Identification of miRNAs has been evaluated in detecting human disease, such as breast cancer.<ref name="WuLu2011" /> [[Peripheral blood mononuclear cell]] (PBMC) miRNA expression has been studied as potential biomarker for different neurological disorders such as [[Parkinson's disease]],<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gui Y, Liu H, Zhang L, Lv W, Hu X | title = Altered microRNA profiles in cerebrospinal fluid exosome in Parkinson disease and Alzheimer disease | journal = Oncotarget | volume = 6 | issue = 35 | pages = 37043–53 | date = November 2015 | pmid = 26497684 | pmc = 4741914 | doi = 10.18632/oncotarget.6158 }}</ref> [[Multiple sclerosis]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Keller A, Leidinger P, Lange J, Borries A, Schroers H, Scheffler M, Lenhof HP, Ruprecht K, Meese E | display-authors = 6 | title = Multiple sclerosis: microRNA expression profiles accurately differentiate patients with relapsing-remitting disease from healthy controls | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 4 | issue = 10 | pages = e7440 | date = October 2009 | pmid = 19823682 | pmc = 2757919 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0007440 | bibcode = 2009PLoSO...4.7440K | doi-access = free }}</ref>  Evaluating small RNA is useful for certain kinds of study because its molecules "do not need to be fragmented prior to library preparation".<ref name = "Meyers_2012" />{{rp|162}}