Editing Smallpox vaccine (section)

{{Short description|Vaccine against Variola virus}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{cs1 config |name-list-style=vanc |display-authors=6}}
{{Infobox drug
| type = vaccine
| image = File:Smallpox vaccine.jpg
| alt =
| caption = The smallpox vaccine [[diluent]] in a syringe alongside a vial of Dryvax dried smallpox vaccine and [[bifurcated needle]]
| target = [[Smallpox]], [[Mpox]]
| vaccine_type = Live virus

<!-- Clinical data -->| tradename = ACAM2000, Imvanex, Jynneos, others
| Drugs.com = {{Drugs.com|monograph|smallpox-vaccine-live}}
| MedlinePlus =
| DailyMedID = Smallpox
| pregnancy_AU = D
| pregnancy_category =
| routes_of_administration = [[Intradermal injection|Intradermal]],<ref name="Imvanex EPAR" /><ref name="Jynneos FDA label" /> [[percutaneous]]<ref name="ACAM2000 FDA label" />
| ATC_prefix = J07
| ATC_suffix = BX01

<!-- Legal status -->| legal_AU = S4
| legal_AU_comment = <ref>{{cite web | title=ACAM2000 smallpox vaccine (live vaccinia virus) vial with diluent | website=Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) | url=http://www.tga.gov.au/search/node | access-date=8 July 2022 | archive-date=18 April 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418015930/http://www.tga.gov.au/search/node | url-status=live }}</ref>
| legal_BR = <!-- OTC, A1, A2, A3, B1, B2, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, D1, D2, E, F -->
| legal_BR_comment =
| legal_CA = Rx-only
| legal_CA_comment = /&nbsp;Schedule D<ref name="Imvamune CA PI">{{cite web | title=Imvamune Product information | website=[[Health Canada]] | date=25 April 2012 | url=https://health-products.canada.ca/dpd-bdpp/info.do?lang=en&code=90121 | access-date=8 July 2022 | archive-date=22 June 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210622104300/https://health-products.canada.ca/dpd-bdpp/info.do?lang=en&code=90121 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Smallpox vaccine Product information | website=[[Health Canada]] | date=25 April 2012 | url=https://health-products.canada.ca/dpd-bdpp/info.do?lang=en&code=672 | access-date=8 July 2022 | archive-date=8 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220708045918/https://health-products.canada.ca/dpd-bdpp/info.do?lang=en&code=672 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Smallpox vaccine Product information | website=[[Health Canada]] | date=25 April 2012 | url=https://health-products.canada.ca/dpd-bdpp/info.do?lang=en&code=671 | access-date=8 July 2022 | archive-date=8 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220708045918/https://health-products.canada.ca/dpd-bdpp/info.do?lang=en&code=671 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Regulatory Decision Summary for ACAM2000 | website=Drug and Health Products Portal | date=5 December 2023 | url=https://dhpp.hpfb-dgpsa.ca/review-documents/resource/RDS1702485830271 | access-date=2 April 2024 | archive-date=2 April 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402052302/https://dhpp.hpfb-dgpsa.ca/review-documents/resource/RDS1702485830271 | url-status=live }}</ref>
| legal_DE = <!-- Anlage I, II, III or Unscheduled -->
| legal_DE_comment =
| legal_NZ = <!-- Class A, B, C -->
| legal_NZ_comment =
| legal_UK = POM
| legal_UK_comment =
| legal_US = Rx-only
| legal_US_comment = with standing order<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/mpox/files/interim-considerations/mpox-jynneos-standing-orders-stand.pdf |title=Jynneos Smallpox and Monkeypox Vaccine |access-date=2 September 2023 |archive-date=3 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230903015141/https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/mpox/files/interim-considerations/mpox-jynneos-standing-orders-stand.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="ACAM2000 FDA label">{{cite web | title=ACAM2000 (smallpox- vaccinia vaccine, live injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution) | website=DailyMed | date=21 March 2018 | url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=f8b2634b-ccd7-4a42-8db3-26ba9e9627e6 | access-date=26 May 2022 | archive-date=24 May 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524152452/https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=f8b2634b-ccd7-4a42-8db3-26ba9e9627e6 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Jynneos FDA label">{{cite web | title=Jynneos- vaccinia virus modified strain ankara-bavarian nordic non-replicating antigen injection, suspension | website=DailyMed | date=14 February 2022 | url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=69fc3841-a461-4706-bdcb-1176c40bf486 | access-date=26 May 2022 | archive-date=27 May 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527035655/https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=69fc3841-a461-4706-bdcb-1176c40bf486 | url-status=live }}</ref>
| legal_EU = Rx-only
| legal_EU_comment = <ref name="Imvanex EPAR" />
| legal_UN = <!-- N I, II, III, IV / P I, II, III, IV -->
| legal_UN_comment =
| legal_status = Rx-only

<!-- Identifiers -->| CAS_number =
| PubChem =
| DrugBank = DB15497
| UNII = 4SV59689SK
| KEGG = D05295
}}

The '''smallpox vaccine''' is used to prevent smallpox infection caused by the variola virus.<ref name="WHO position paper">{{cite journal | vauthors = ((World Health Organization)) | title = Smallpox and mpox (orthopoxviruses) vaccine position paper | journal = Weekly Epidemiological Record | date = August 2024 | volume = 99 | issue = 34 | pages = 429–456 | hdl = 10665/378526 | author-link = World Health Organization | hdl-access = free }}</ref> It is the first [[vaccine]] to have been developed against a contagious disease. In 1796, British physician [[Edward Jenner]] demonstrated that an infection with the relatively mild [[cowpox]] virus conferred immunity against the deadly [[smallpox]] virus. Cowpox served as a natural vaccine until the modern smallpox vaccine emerged in the 20th century. From 1958 to 1977, the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) conducted a global vaccination campaign that [[eradicated smallpox]],<ref name="WHO position paper" /> making it the only human disease to be eradicated. Although routine smallpox vaccination is no longer performed on the general public, the vaccine is still being produced for research,<ref name="WHO position paper" /> and to guard against [[bioterrorism]], [[biological warfare]], and [[mpox]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Metzger W, Mordmueller BG | title = Vaccines for preventing smallpox | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue = 3 | pages = CD004913 | date = July 2007 | volume = 2007 | pmid = 17636779 | pmc = 6532594 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD004913.pub2 | veditors = Metzger W }}</ref><ref name="anderson">Anderson MG, Frenkel LD, Homann S, and Guffey J. (2003), "A case of severe monkeypox virus disease in an American child: emerging infections and changing professional values"; ''[[Pediatr Infect Dis J]]'';22(12): 1093–96; discussion 1096–98.</ref>

The term ''vaccine'' derives from ''vacca'', the Latin word for cow, reflecting the origins of smallpox vaccination. Edward Jenner referred to cowpox as ''variolae vaccinae'' (smallpox of the cow). The origins of the smallpox vaccine became murky over time,<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Baxby D |title=Jenner's Smallpox Vaccine: The Riddle of Vaccinia Virus and Its Origin |date=1981 |publisher=Heinemann Educational Books |isbn=978-0-435-54057-9 }}</ref> especially after [[Louis Pasteur]] developed laboratory techniques for creating vaccines in the 19th century. [[Allan Watt Downie]] demonstrated in 1939 that the modern smallpox vaccine was serologically distinct from cowpox,<ref name="downie1939"/> and ''[[vaccinia]]'' was subsequently recognized as a separate viral species. Whole-genome sequencing has revealed that ''vaccinia'' is most closely related to [[horsepox]], and the cowpox strains found in Great Britain are the least closely related to ''vaccinia''.<ref name="carroll2011">{{cite journal | vauthors = Carroll DS, Emerson GL, Li Y, Sammons S, Olson V, Frace M, Nakazawa Y, Czerny CP, Tryland M, Kolodziejek J, Nowotny N, Olsen-Rasmussen M, Khristova M, Govil D, Karem K, Damon IK, Meyer H | title = Chasing Jenner's vaccine: revisiting cowpox virus classification | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 6 | issue = 8 | pages = e23086 | date = August 2011 | pmid = 21858000 | pmc = 3152555 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0023086 | doi-access = free | title-link = doi | bibcode = 2011PLoSO...623086C }}</ref>