Editing Smiley (section)

{{Short description|Stylized image of a smiling face}}
{{other uses}}
{{redirect-several|Smiley Face|Happy face}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
[[File:Smiley.svg|thumb|Example of a smiley face]]
[[File:SmileyFaceEmoticonExample.png|thumb|An example of an [[emoticon]] smiley face (represented using a [[Colon (punctuation)|colon]] followed by a [[parenthesis]]) used in direct communication, as seen in this screenshot of an [[email]].]][[File:smile.png|thumb|Another example of a smiley]]

A '''smiley''', sometimes called a '''smiley face''', is a basic [[ideogram]] representing a [[Smile|smiling face]].<ref name=SmileyFaceMW>{{Cite web |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/smiley%20face |title="Smiley face." Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster |access-date=17 February 2024 |archive-date=7 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240607183317/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/smiley%20face |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=OxfordNewWords>[https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary00tull/page/268/mode/2up?q=smiley Smiley-The Oxford dictionary of new words : a popular guide to words in the news(1991)]</ref> Since the 1950s, it has become part of [[popular culture]] worldwide, used either as a standalone ideogram or as a form of communication, such as [[emoticon]]s. The smiley began as two dots and a line representing eyes and a mouth. More elaborate designs in the 1950s emerged, with noses, eyebrows, and outlines. New York radio station [[WMCA (AM)|WMCA]] used a yellow and black design for its ''"[[WMCA (AM)#Good Guys era|Good Guys]]"'' campaign in the early 1960s.<ref name=WMCA1>{{cite magazine |title=New York "Good Guys" show |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WwsEAAAAMBAJ&dq=WMCA+sweatshirt&pg=PA31 |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |date=July 20, 1963 |access-date=17 November 2021 |archive-date=7 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240607183331/https://books.google.com/books?id=WwsEAAAAMBAJ&dq=WMCA+sweatshirt&pg=PA31#v=onepage&q=WMCA%20sweatshirt&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=Americanfads>[https://archive.org/details/americanfads00john/page/120/mode/2up?q=Smile+Buttons American fads by Richard A Johnson, 1985, p 121-124]</ref><ref name="Adams">{{cite web |first=Cecil |last=Adams |work=The Straight Dope |title=Who invented the smiley face? |date=23 April 1993 |access-date=18 April 2011 |url=http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/961/who-invented-the-smiley-face |archive-date=18 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518141340/http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/961/who-invented-the-smiley-face |url-status=live }}</ref> More yellow-and-black designs appeared in the 1960s and 1970s, including works by [[Harvey Ross Ball]] in 1963,<ref name=smileySeptember91971>{{Cite web |url=https://newspaperarchive.com/other-articles-clipping-sep-09-1971-3502894/ |title=Ethridge, Mark. "Several Firms Claim to Be Originators of Smile Button." ''Nashua Telegraph''. September 9, 1971. |access-date=10 October 2022 |archive-date=10 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010165952/https://newspaperarchive.com/other-articles-clipping-sep-09-1971-3502894/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Adams" /><ref name=Stamp2013>{{cite book|last1=Stamp|first1=Jimmy|title=Who really invented the Smiley face|date=13 March 2013|publisher=Smithsonian|location=Washington DC|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/who-really-invented-the-smiley-face-2058483/?no-ist|access-date=29 May 2015|archive-date=15 April 2014|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140415233744/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/who-really-invented-the-smiley-face-2058483/?no-ist|url-status=live}}</ref> and  [[The Smiley Company|Franklin Loufrani]] in 1971.<ref name=cnn20060705>{{cite news| url=https://money.cnn.com/2006/07/05/news/companies/walmart.smileyworld/| work=CNN Money| title=Wal-Mart fights to keep the smiley face:Retail giant says symbol personifies its price-reducing policy, but London-based firm says it secured rights years ago.| date=5 July 2006| access-date=26 September 2022| archive-date=30 September 2022| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930183245/https://money.cnn.com/2006/07/05/news/companies/walmart.smileyworld/| url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Frenchtrademarks1990>[https://archive.org/details/lesmarquesfranca0000amio/page/236/mode/2up?q=Loufrani Les marques françaises : 150 ans de graphisme, 1824-1974 = French trademarks by Amiot, Edith(1990) p 236]</ref><ref name=FranklinLoufraniTM>[https://data.inpi.fr/marques/FR1199660 INPI Brand: FR1199660] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240607183305/https://data.inpi.fr/marques/FR1199660 |date=7 June 2024 }} ***RENEWAL*** OF THE DEPOSIT MADE ON OCTOBER 1, 1971 AT THE [[National Institute of Industrial Property (France)|INPI]] No. 120.846 AND REGISTERED UNDER No. 832.277</ref> Today, [[The Smiley Company]] founded by Franklin Loufrani claims to hold the rights to the smiley face in over 100 countries. It has become one of the top 100 licensing companies globally.

There was a smile fad in 1971 in the [[United States]].<ref name=fad>[https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-charlotte-news-fad-is-sweeping-char/132117179/ Fad Is Sweeping Charlotte - A Little Smile That's Going Places, The Charlotte News, Charlotte, North Carolina, Fri, Jul 9, 1971, Page 5.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240607183315/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-charlotte-news-fad-is-sweeping-char/132117179/ |date=7 June 2024 }} Retrieved 31 Jan 2024</ref><ref name=LATESTNATIONALFAD>[https://www.newspapers.com/article/lubbock-avalanche-journal-latest-nationa/111391536/ LATEST NATIONAL FAD Smiling Faces Now Appear On Everything From Ear Screws To Blue Jeans, Lubbock Avalanche-Journal, Lubbock, Texas, Fri, Sep 3, 1971, Page 80 (part 1)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240607183320/https://www.newspapers.com/article/lubbock-avalanche-journal-latest-nationa/111391536/ |date=7 June 2024 }} and [https://www.newspapers.com/article/lubbock-avalanche-journal-latest-nationa/131923693/ (part 2)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131190556/https://www.newspapers.com/article/lubbock-avalanche-journal-latest-nationa/131923693/ |date=31 January 2024 }} Retrieved 31 Jan 2024</ref><ref name=Americanfads /><ref name=time30Aug1971>[https://archive.org/details/time-1971-11-15/Time%201971-08-30/page/36/mode/1up Put On A Happy Face, Time, August 30, 1971, Page 36]</ref> The [[Associated Press]] (AP) ran a [[wirephoto]] showing  Joy P. Young and Harvey Ball  holding the design of the smiley and reported on September 11, 1971 that "two affiliated insurance companies" claimed credit for the symbol and Harvey Ball designed it; Bernard and Murray Spain claimed credit for introducing it to the market.<ref>[https://www.newspapers.com/article/press-telegram-nation-in-quest-of-symbol/135012106/ Nation in quest of symbol takes 'smile' pin to heart, Press-Telegram Long Beach, California, Sat, Sep 11, 1971, Page 10] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131190557/https://www.newspapers.com/article/press-telegram-nation-in-quest-of-symbol/135012106/ |date=31 January 2024 }} Retrieved 31 Jan 2024</ref>  In  October 1971<ref name=cnn20060705/> Loufrani trademarked his design in [[France]] while working as a journalist for the [[French language|French]] [[newspaper]] ''[[France Soir]]''.<ref name=cnn20060705 /><ref name=HistoryTSC>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120330002129/http://www.smileycompany.com:80/smile/history History(of smiley by The Smiley company by way of The Wayback Machine)]</ref><ref name=FiftyYears>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2022/sep/25/fifty-years-and-500m-dollars-the-happy-business-of-the-smiley-symbol |title=Fifty years and $500m: the happy business of the smiley symbol |website=[[TheGuardian.com]] |date=25 September 2022 |access-date=17 February 2024 |archive-date=7 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240607183315/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2022/sep/25/fifty-years-and-500m-dollars-the-happy-business-of-the-smiley-symbol |url-status=live |last1=Coldwell |first1=Will }}</ref>

Today, the smiley face has evolved from an [[ideogram]] into a template for communication and use in written language. The internet smiley began with [[Scott Fahlman]] in the 1980s when he first theorized [[ASCII|ASCII characters]] could be used to create faces and demonstrate emotion in text. Since then, Fahlman's designs have become digital [[pictogram]]s known as [[emoticon]]s.<ref name=SmileyLore >{{cite web|url=https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~sef/sefSmiley.htm|title=Smiley Lore :-)|work=cmu.edu|access-date=7 August 2014|archive-date=19 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140719172612/http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~sef/sefSmiley.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> They are loosely based on the ideograms designed in the 1960s and 1970s, continuing with the yellow and black design.