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Somatic cell nuclear transfer
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{{Short description|Method of creating a cloned embryo by replacing the egg nucleus with a body cell nucleus}} [[File:Cloning diagram english.svg|thumb|300px|right|Somatic cell nuclear transfer can create clones for both reproductive and therapeutic purposes. <!--The diagram depicts the removal of the donor nucleus for schematic purposes; in practice the whole donor cell is transferred.-->]] In [[genetics]] and [[developmental biology]], '''somatic cell nuclear transfer''' ('''SCNT''') is a [[laboratory]] strategy for creating a viable [[embryo]] from a [[Somatic cell|body cell]] and an [[egg cell]]. The technique consists of taking a denucleated [[oocyte]] (egg cell) and implanting a donor [[Cell nucleus|nucleus]] from a somatic (body) cell. It is used in both therapeutic and reproductive [[cloning]]. In 1996, [[Dolly (sheep)|Dolly the sheep]] became famous for being the first successful case of the reproductive cloning of a mammal.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid= 19196043 |year= 2009 |last1= Li |first1= J |title= Human embryos derived by somatic cell nuclear transfer using an alternative enucleation approach |journal= Cloning and Stem Cells |volume= 11 |issue= 1 | pages = 39β50 |last2= Liu |first2= X |last3= Wang |first3= H |last4= Zhang |first4= S |last5= Liu |first5= F |last6= Wang |first6= X |last7= Wang |first7= Y |doi= 10.1089/clo.2008.0041 |doi-access= free }}</ref> In January 2018, a team of scientists in [[Shanghai]] announced the successful cloning of two female [[crab-eating macaque]]s (named [[Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua]]) from foetal nuclei.<ref name="CELL-20180124">{{cite journal |author=Liu, Zhen |display-authors=etal |title=Cloning of Macaque Monkeys by Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer |date=24 January 2018 |journal=[[Cell (journal)|Cell]] |volume=172 |issue=4 |pages=881β887.e7 |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2018.01.020 |pmid=29395327 |doi-access=free }}</ref> "'''Therapeutic cloning'''" refers to the potential use of SCNT in [[regenerative medicine]]; this approach has been championed as an answer to the many [[Stem cell controversy|issues]] concerning [[embryonic stem cells]] (ESCs) and the destruction of viable embryos for medical use, though questions remain on how [[Sequence homology|homologous]] the two cell types truly are.
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