Editing Spain (section)

{{Short description|Country in southwestern Europe}}
{{About|the country}}
{{Redirect|España}}
{{pp-move}}
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use British English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Kingdom of Spain
| native_name            = {{Native name|es|Reino de España}}
| common_name            = Spain
| name                   = {{collapsible list
|titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:84%;
|title = {{resize|1.0 em|7 other names}}{{efn|name="es lang"|In Spain, some [[Languages of Spain|other languages]] enjoy co-official status in certain regions (in accordance with the latter's [[Statute of Autonomy|Statutes of Autonomy]]) or have some degree of recognition. In each of these, Spain's conventional long name for international affairs in Spanish laws and the most used ({{langx|es|Reino de España|links=no}}, pronounced: {{IPA|es|ˈrejno ð(e) esˈpaɲa}}) is as follows:
* {{langx|an|Reino d'Espanya}}, {{IPA|an|ˈrejno ðesˈpaɲa|IPA}}
* {{langx|ast|Reinu d'España}}, {{IPA|ast|ˈrejnu ðesˈpaɲa|IPA}}
* {{langx|ca|Regne d'Espanya}}, {{IPA|ca|ˈreŋnə ðəsˈpaɲə|IPA}}
* {{langx|eu|Espainiako Erresuma}}, {{IPA|eu|es̺paɲiako eres̺uma|IPA}}
* {{langx|gl|Reino de España}}, {{IPA|gl|ˈrejnʊ ð(ɪ) esˈpaɲɐ|IPA}}
* {{langx|oc|Reiaume d'Espanha}}, {{IPA|oc|reˈjawme ðesˈpaɲɔ|IPA}}
* {{langx|ca-valencia|Regne d'Espanya}}, {{IPA|ca|ˈreŋne ðesˈpaɲa|IPA}}}}
|{{Infobox|subbox=yes|bodystyle=font-size:80%;font-weight:normal;
|rowclass1 = mergedrow|label1=[[Aragonese language|Aragonese]]:|data1={{lang|an|Reino d'Espanya}}
|rowclass2 = mergedrow|label2=[[Asturian language|Asturian]]:|data2={{lang|ast|Reinu d'España}}
|rowclass3 = mergedrow|label4=[[Basque language|Basque]]:|data4={{lang|eu|Espainiako Erresuma}}
|rowclass4 = mergedrow|label3=[[Catalan language|Catalan]]:|data3={{lang|ca|Regne d'Espanya}}
|rowclass5 = mergedrow|label5=[[Galician language|Galician]]:|data5={{lang|gl|Reino de España}}
|rowclass6 = mergedrow|label6=[[Occitan language|Occitan]]:|data6={{lang|oc|Reiaume d'Espanha}}
|rowclass7 = mergedrow|label7=[[Valencian language|Valencian]]:|data7={{lang|ca-valencia|Regne d'Espanya}}
}}
}}
| image_flag             = Flag of Spain.svg
| image_coat             = Escudo de España.svg
| national_motto         = {{Lang|la|[[Plus ultra]]}} ([[Latin]])<br />(English: "Further Beyond")
| national_anthem        = {{native name|es|[[Marcha Real]]|icon=yes}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boe.es/boe/dias/1997/10/11/pdfs/A29594-29600.pdf|title=Real Decreto 1560/1997, de 10 de octubre, por el que se regula el Himno Nacional|author=Presidency of the Government|work=[[Boletín Oficial del Estado]] núm. 244|date=11 October 1997|language=es|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924034615/http://www.boe.es/boe/dias/1997/10/11/pdfs/A29594-29600.pdf|archive-date=24 September 2015|author-link=Government of Spain}}</ref><br />(English: "Royal March")<br /> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">{{center|[[File:Himno Nacional de España.ogg]]}}</div>
| image_map              = {{Switcher|[[File:EU-Spain (orthographic projection).svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show globe|[[File:EU-Spain.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Europe|default=1}}
| map_caption            = {{map caption|location_color=dark green|region=Europe|region_color=dark grey|subregion=the [[European Union]]|subregion_color=green}}
| image_map2             = 
| capital                = [[Madrid]]
| coordinates            = {{Coord|40|26|N|3|42|W|type:city}}
| largest_city           = [[Madrid]]
| languages_type         = Official language
| languages              = [[Spanish language|Spanish]]<!--(aka Castilian)-->{{efn|name=b|The official language of the State is established in the Section 3 of the [[Constitution of Spain]] to be Castilian.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/IDIOMAS/9/Espana/LeyFundamental/index.htm|title=The Spanish Constitution|publisher=Lamoncloa.gob.es|access-date=26 April 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130325101204/http://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/IDIOMAS/9/Espana/LeyFundamental/index.htm|archive-date=25 March 2013 |language=es}}</ref>}}{{efn|name="Co-official languages"|In some [[Autonomous communities of Spain|autonomous communities]], [[Basque language|Basque]], [[Catalan language|Catalan]], [[Galician language|Galician]], [[Valencian language|Valencian]], and [[Occitan language|Occitan]] (locally known as [[Aranese dialect|Aranese]]) are co-official languages. [[Aragonese language|Aragonese]], [[Asturian language|Asturian]], and [[Leonese language|Leonese]] have some degree of government recognition at the regional level.}}
{{infobox|child=yes
|label1 = Nationality {{nobold|(2025)}}<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/INEbase/en/operacion.htm?c=Estadistica_C&cid=1254736177095&menu=ultiDatos&idp=1254735572981|title=INEbase / Continuous Population Statistics (CPS). 1 April 2025. Provisional data|website=ine.es|access-date=8 May 2025}}</ref>
|data1 = {{unbulleted list|85.9% [[Spanish nationality law|Spanish]]|14.1% [[Immigration to Spain|foreigners]]}}
}}
| ethnic_groups          = {{unbulleted list 
|81.3% [[White people|White]]{{efn|name=p|This includes responses identified with terms that fall under the “White” category. These include Blanco/a (79.0%), Español/a (1.3%), Europeo/a (0.4%), Caucásico/a (0.3%) and Gentilicio de su comunidad autónoma (0.3%).}} 
|7.8% [[Latin Americans|Latino]] 
|1.6% [[Multiracial people|Mixed]]
|1.3% [[Romani people|Romani]]
|1.0% [[Arabs|Arab]]
|0.3% [[Black people|Black]]
|0.1% [[Asian people|Asian]]
|6.7% not stated}}
| ethnic_groups_ref      = <ref>{{cite book |title=Barómetro de abril 2025: Estudio nº 3505 |date=2025 |publisher=[[Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas]] |url=https://www.cis.es/documents/d/cis/es3505mar_a |access-date=30 April 2025 |language=es}}, 4,009 respondents. The question was {{lang|es|¿Con cuál de los siguientes términos se identifica más?}}.</ref>
| ethnic_groups_year     = 2025
| religion               = {{unbulleted list
|55.4% [[Roman Catholicism]]
{{Tree list}}
** 36.6% [[Lapsed Catholic|non-practicing Catholic]]
** 18.8% practicing [[Catholic church|Catholic]]
{{Tree list/end}}
|15.8% [[Irreligion in Spain|atheist]]
|12.0% [[Irreligion in Spain|indifferent or no religion]]
|11.2% [[Agnosticism|agnostic]]
|3.6% [[Religion in Spain|other religion]]
|2.0% unanswered}}
| religion_ref           = <ref>{{cite book |title=Barómetro de abril 2025: Estudio nº 3505 |date=2025 |publisher=[[Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas]] |url=https://www.cis.es/documents/d/cis/es3505mar_a |access-date=30 April 2025 |language=es}}, 4,009 respondents. The question was {{lang|es|¿Cómo se define Ud. en materia religiosa: católico/a practicante, católico/a no practicante, creyente de otra religión, agnóstico/a, indiferente o no creyente, o ateo/a?}}.</ref>
| religion_year          = 2025
| demonym                = {{hlist|[[Spaniard]]|Spanish}}
| government_type        = Unitary&nbsp;[[parliamentary constitutional monarchy]]
| leader_title1          = [[Monarchy of Spain|Monarch]]
| leader_name1           = [[Felipe VI]]
| leader_title2          = [[Prime Minister of Spain|Prime Minister]]
| leader_name2           = [[Pedro Sánchez]]
| leader_title3          = [[President of the Congress of Deputies]]
| leader_name3           = [[Francina Armengol]]
| leader_title4          = [[President of the Senate of Spain|President of the Senate]]
| leader_name4           = [[Pedro Rollán]]
| legislature            = {{Lang|es|[[Cortes Generales]]|italic=no}}
| upper_house            = [[Senate of Spain|Senate]]
| lower_house            = [[Congress of Deputies]]
| sovereignty_type       = [[History of Spain|Formation]]
| established_event1     = [[Catholic Monarchs of Spain|Dynastic union]]
| established_date1      = 20 January 1479
| established_event2     = [[Habsburg Spain|Sole sovereign]]
| established_date2      = 14 March 1516
| established_event3     = [[Nueva Planta decrees|Centralized state]]
| established_date3      = 9 June 1715
| established_event4     = [[Spanish Constitution of 1812|First constitution]]
| established_date4      = 19 March 1812
| established_event5     = {{nowrap|[[Constitution of Spain|Current constitution]]}}
| established_date5      = 29 December 1978
| area_km2               = 505,990<ref>{{cite web|title=Anuario estadístico de España 2008. 1ª parte: entorno físico y medio ambiente|url=http://www.ine.es/prodyser/pubweb/anuario08/anu08_01entor.pdf|website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística (Spain)|access-date=14 April 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924144913/http://www.ine.es/prodyser/pubweb/anuario08/anu08_01entor.pdf|archive-date=24 September 2015 |language=es}}</ref>
| area_rank              = 50th
| area_sq_mi             = 195,364 <!--Do not remove per [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers]]-->
| percent_water          = 0.89<ref>{{cite web|title=Surface water and surface water change|access-date=11 October 2020|publisher=[[OECD|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] (OECD)|url=https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SURFACE_WATER|archive-date=24 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210324133453/https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SURFACE_WATER|url-status=live}}</ref>
| population_estimate    = {{Increase}} 49,153,849<ref name="auto"/>
| population_estimate_year = 2025
| population_estimate_rank = 31st
| population_density_km2 = 97
| population_density_sq_mi = 249 <!--Do not remove per [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers]]-->
| population_density_rank = 119th
| GDP_PPP                = {{increase}} $2.812&nbsp;trillion<ref name="IMFWEO.ES">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april/weo-report?c=184,&s=NGDP,NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPPC,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,LUR,LP,BCA,BCA_NGDPD,&sy=2023&ey=2030&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 Edition. (Spain) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=www.imf.org |date=22 April 2025 |access-date=26 May 2025}}</ref>
| GDP_PPP_year           = 2025
| GDP_PPP_rank           = 15th
| GDP_PPP_per_capita     = {{increase}} $56,555<ref name="IMFWEO.ES" />
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 34th
| GDP_nominal            = {{increase}} $1.800&nbsp;trillion<ref name="IMFWEO.ES" />
| GDP_nominal_year       = 2025
| GDP_nominal_rank       = 12th
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $36,192<ref name="IMFWEO.ES" />
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 29th
| Gini                   = 31.2 <!--Number only-->
| Gini_year              = 2024
| Gini_change            = decrease
| Gini_ref               = <ref name=eurogini>{{cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tessi190/default/table?lang=en|title=Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income – EU-SILC survey|publisher=[[Eurostat]]|website=ec.europa.eu|access-date=14 February 2025}}</ref>
| Gini_rank              = 
| HDI                    = 0.918 <!--Number only-->
| HDI_year               = 2023 <!--Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year-->
| HDI_change             = increase <!--Increase/decrease/steady-->
| HDI_ref                = <ref name="UNHDR">{{Cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en}}</ref>
| HDI_rank               = 28th
| currency               = [[Euro]]{{efn|The [[Spanish peseta|Peseta]] before 2002}} ([[Euro sign|€]])
| currency_code          = EUR
| time_zone              = [[Western European Time|WET]] and [[Central European Time|CET]]
| utc_offset             = ⁠±0 to +1 <!--Note: Zero-width non-breaking space results in the infobox displaying "UTC" without a specified offset.-->
| DST_note               = Note: most of Spain observes CET/CEST, except the [[Canary Islands]] which observe WET/WEST.
| time_zone_DST          = [[Western European Summer Time|WEST]] and [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
| utc_offset_DST         = +1 to +2
| date_format            = [[Date format|DD/MM/YYYY]]
| drives_on              = Right<ref>{{cite web |title=List of left- & right-driving countries |url=https://www.worldstandards.eu/cars/list-of-left-driving-countries/ |website=WorldStandards}}</ref>
| calling_code           = [[+34]]
| cctld                  = [[.es]]{{efn|name=e|The [[.eu]] domain is also used, as it is shared with other [[European Union]] member states. Also, the [[.cat]] domain is used in [[Catalonia]], [[.gal]] in [[Galiza|Galicia]] and [[.eus]] in the [[Basque Country (autonomous community)|Basque-Country]] autonomous regions.}}
| today                  = 
}}
'''Spain'''<!--Per WP:LEAD: Do not include pronunciations for names of foreign countries whose pronunciations are well known in English.-->,{{efn|{{langx|es|España|links=no}}, {{IPA|es|esˈpaɲa||Es-España.ogg|help=no}}}} or the '''Kingdom of Spain''',{{efn|name="es lang"}}{{efn|name="nation name"}} is a country in [[Southern Europe|Southern]] and [[Western Europe]] with territories in [[North Africa]].{{efn|See [[list of transcontinental countries]].}} Featuring the [[Punta de Tarifa|southernmost point]] of [[continental Europe]], it is the largest country in [[Southern Europe]] and the fourth-most populous [[European Union member state]]. Spanning across the majority of the [[Iberian Peninsula]], its territory also includes the [[Canary Islands]], in the Eastern Atlantic Ocean, the [[Balearic Islands]], in the Western Mediterranean Sea, and the [[Autonomous communities of Spain#Autonomous cities|autonomous cities]] of [[Ceuta]] and [[Melilla]], in mainland Africa. [[Peninsular Spain]] is bordered to the north by [[France]], [[Andorra]], and the [[Bay of Biscay]]; to the east and south by the Mediterranean Sea and [[Gibraltar]]; and to the west by [[Portugal]] and the Atlantic Ocean. Spain's capital and [[List of largest cities in Spain|largest city]] is [[Madrid]], and other major [[List of metropolitan areas in Spain|urban areas]] include [[Barcelona]], [[Valencia]], [[Seville]], [[Zaragoza]], [[Málaga]], [[Murcia]], and [[Palma de Mallorca]].

In early antiquity, the Iberian Peninsula was inhabited by [[Celts]], [[Iberians]], and other [[List of the Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula|pre-Roman peoples]]. With the [[Roman conquest of the Iberian peninsula]], the province of [[Hispania]] was established. Following the [[Romanization (cultural)|Romanisation]] and [[Christianization|Christianisation]] of Hispania, the [[fall of the Western Roman Empire]] ushered in the [[Migration Period|inward migration]] of tribes from Central Europe, including the [[Visigoths]], who formed the [[Visigothic Kingdom]] centred on [[Toledo, Spain|Toledo]]. In the early eighth century, most of the peninsula was [[Umayyad conquest of Hispania|conquered by the Umayyad Caliphate]], and during early Islamic rule, [[Al-Andalus]] became a dominant peninsular power centred on [[Córdoba, Spain|Córdoba]]. The several Christian kingdoms that emerged in Northern Iberia, chief among them [[Kingdom of Asturias|Asturias]], [[Kingdom of León|León]], [[Kingdom of Castile|Castile]], [[Kingdom of Aragon|Aragon]] and [[Kingdom of Navarre|Navarre]], made an intermittent southward military expansion and repopulation, known as the ''[[Reconquista]]'', repelling Islamic rule in Iberia, which culminated with the Christian seizure of the [[Nasrid Kingdom of Granada]] in 1492. The dynastic union of the [[Crown of Castile]] and the [[Crown of Aragon]] in 1479 under the [[Catholic Monarchs]] is often considered the ''de facto'' unification of Spain as a [[nation state]].

During the [[Age of Discovery]], Spain pioneered the [[Colonization of the Americas|exploration and conquest]] of the [[New World]], made the [[first circumnavigation of the globe]] and formed one of the [[largest empires in history]].<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=European exploration |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/European-exploration/The-Age-of-Discovery |access-date=2024-05-16 |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> The [[Spanish Empire]] reached a global scale and spread across all continents, underpinning the rise of a global trading system fueled primarily by [[precious metal]]s. In the 18th century, the Bourbon Reforms, particularly the [[Nueva Planta decrees]], centralized mainland Spain, strengthening royal authority and modernizing administrative structures.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Born with a 'Silver Spoon': The Origin of World Trade in 1571|first1=Dennis O.|last1=Flynn|first2=Arturo|last2=Giráldez Source|journal=Journal of World History|volume=6|issue=2|year=1995|page=202|jstor=20078638}}</ref> In the 19th century, after the victorious [[Peninsular War]] against Napoleonic occupation forces, the following political divisions between [[Liberalism|liberals]] and [[Enlightened absolutism|absolutists]] led to the [[Spanish American wars of independence|breakaway]] of most of the [[Spanish America|American colonies]]. These political divisions finally converged in the 20th century with the [[Spanish Civil War]], giving rise to the [[Francoist Spain|Francoist dictatorship]] that lasted until 1975. With the restoration of democracy and its entry into the [[European Union]], the country experienced an [[economic boom]] that profoundly transformed it socially and politically. Since the [[Spanish Golden Age]], [[Spanish art]], [[Spanish architecture|architecture]], [[Music of Spain|music]], [[Spanish poetry|poetry]], [[Spanish Baroque painting|painting]], [[Spanish literature|literature]], and [[Spanish cuisine|cuisine]] have been influential worldwide, particularly in [[Western Europe]] and the [[Americas]]. As a reflection of its large [[Culture of Spain|cultural wealth]], Spain is the world's [[World Tourism rankings|second-most visited country]], has one of the world's largest numbers of [[World Heritage Site]]s, and it is the most popular destination for [[Erasmus Programme|European]] students.<ref>Spain is crowned the champion of foreign students. This is thanks to universities such as those in Barcelona, Valencia, Madrid, Granada and Salamanca. Although nowhere near as popular as Spain, we find Germany in second place. It is a country that also has a large number of prestigious universities spread out across many cities. The fact that Germany is an economic powerhouse makes it an attractive destination for those searching for employment after studying. France, the United Kingdom and Italy appear in third, fourth and fifth position. The rest of countries rank behind at a considerable distance. [https://www.wimdu.co.uk/blog/discover-popular-erasmus-destinations What are the most popular Erasmus destinations?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630180757/https://www.wimdu.co.uk/blog/discover-popular-erasmus-destinations |date=30 June 2023 }}</ref> Its cultural influence extends to over 600 million [[Hispanophone]]s, making [[Spanish language|Spanish]] the world's [[List of languages by number of native speakers|second-most spoken native language]] and the world's most widely spoken [[Romance language]].<ref>{{cite web |title=572 millones de personas hablan español, cinco millones más que hace un año, y aumentarán a 754 millones a mediados de siglo |url=https://www.cervantes.es/sobre_instituto_cervantes/prensa/2017/noticias/Presentaci%C3%B3n-Anuario-2017.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513000611/https://www.cervantes.es/sobre_instituto_cervantes/prensa/2017/noticias/Presentaci%C3%B3n-Anuario-2017.htm |archive-date=13 May 2021 |website=www.cervantes.es |language=es}}</ref>

Spain is a secular [[parliamentary democracy]] and a [[constitutional monarchy]],{{sfn|Spanish Constitution|1978|loc=Article 1}} with King [[Felipe VI]] as [[head of state]]. A [[developed country]], it is a major advanced capitalist economy,<ref>{{cite news|last1=Whitehouse|first1=Mark|title=Number of the Week: $10.2 Trillion in Global Borrowing|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/economics/2010/11/06/number-of-the-week-102-trillion-in-global-borrowing/|work=The Wall Street Journal|date=6 November 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920064345/https://blogs.wsj.com/economics/2010/11/06/number-of-the-week-102-trillion-in-global-borrowing/|archive-date=20 September 2017}}</ref> with the world's 12th-largest economy by [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|nominal GDP]] and the 15th-largest by [[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|PPP-adjusted GDP]]. It is also currently the fourth largest economy in the European Union. Spain is a member of the [[United Nations]], the European Union, the [[eurozone]], [[NATO|North Atlantic Treaty Organisation]] (NATO), a permanent guest of the [[G20]], and is part of many other international organisations such as the [[Council of Europe]] (CoE), the [[Organization of Ibero-American States|Organisation of Ibero-American States]] (OEI), the [[Union for the Mediterranean]], the [[OECD|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] (OECD), the [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe|Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe]] (OSCE), and the [[World Trade Organization|World Trade Organisation]] (WTO).