Editing Spatial planning (section)

{{Short description|Technique for physical organisation of space}}
{{Multiple issues|
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[[File:NovoLisice.jpg|thumb|right|The graphical scheme of the Detailed Urbanist Plan for a settlement within the [[Aerodrom Municipality (Skopje)|Municipality of Aerodrom]] in the [[City of Skopje]], [[North Macedonia]].]]

'''Spatial planning''' mediates between the respective claims on space of the state, market, and community. In so doing, three different mechanisms of involving stakeholders, integrating sectoral policies and promoting development projects mark the three schools of transformative strategy formulation, innovation action and performance in spatial planning <ref>Ziafati Bafarasat, A., 2015. Reflections on the three schools of thought on strategic spatial planning. Journal of Planning Literature, 30(2), pp.132-148.</ref>

Spatial planning systems refer to the methods and approaches used by the public and private sectors to influence the distribution of people and activities in different geographic areas. Spatial planning coordinates practices and policies that shape spatial organization. Spatial planning is synonymous with the practices of [[urban planning]] in the United States but at larger scales, and the term is often used in reference to planning efforts in European countries. Discrete professional disciplines which involve spatial planning include [[land use planning|land use]], [[urban planning|urban]], [[regional planning|regional]], [[transport planning|transport]] and [[environmental planning]].<ref>Van Assche, K., Beunen, R., Duineveld, M., & de Jong, H. (2013). Co-evolutions of planning and design: Risks and benefits of design perspectives in planning systems. Planning Theory, 12(2), 177-198.</ref>  Other related areas are also important, including [[economic planning|economic]] and [[community planning]], as well as maritime spatial planning.  Spatial planning takes place on local, regional, national and inter-national levels and often results in the creation of a spatial plan.

An early definition of spatial planning comes from the European Regional/Spatial Planning Charter<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/cultureheritage/heritage/cemat/versioncharte/default_EN.asp |title=Council of Europe |publisher=Council of Europe |access-date=2013-10-06}}</ref> (often called the 'Torremolinos Charter'), adopted in 1983 by the European Conference of Ministers responsible for Regional Planning (CEMAT): "''Regional/spatial planning gives geographical expression to the economic, social, cultural and ecological policies of society. It is at the same time a scientific discipline, an administrative technique and a policy developed as an interdisciplinary and comprehensive approach directed towards a balanced regional development and the physical organization of space according to an overall strategy''."

Numerous planning systems exist around the [[world]]. The form of planning largely diverges and co-evolves with societies and their governance systems.<ref>Allmendinger, P. (2009). Planning theory. Palgrave Macmillan.</ref> Every country, and states within those countries, have a unique planning systems that is made up by different actors, different planning perspectives and a particular institutional framework. Perspectives, actors and institutions change over time, influencing both the form and the impact of spatial planning.<ref>Van Assche, K., & Verschraegen, G. (2008). The limits of planning: Niklas Luhmann's systems theory and the analysis of planning and planning ambitions. Planning theory, 7(3), 263-283.</ref><ref>Gunder, M., & Hillier, J. (2009). Planning in ten words or less: A Lacanian entanglement with spatial planning. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.</ref> Especially in Northwestern Europe, spatial planning has evolved greatly since the late 1950s. Until the 1990s, the term ‘spatial’ was used primarily to refer to the way that planning should deal with more than simply zoning, land use planning, or the design of the physical form of cities or regions, but also should address the more complex issues of the spatial relationship of activities such as employment, homes and leisure uses.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of the City|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediacity00cave|url-access=limited|last=Caves|first=R. W.|publisher=Routledge|year=2004|isbn=9780415252256|pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediacity00cave/page/n664 624]}}</ref>