Editing Stalinism (section)

{{short description|Political and economic policies implemented by Joseph Stalin}}
{{about|the means of governing and policies implemented by Joseph Stalin|the political philosophy developed by Stalin|Marxism–Leninism|other uses|Stalinism (disambiguation)}}
{{pp-sock|small=yes}}
{{use Canadian English|date=September 2020}}
{{use mdy dates|date=December 2019}}
[[File:Stalin 1945.jpg|thumb|[[Joseph Stalin]], after whom Stalinism is named]]
{{Stalinism sidebar}}
<noinclude>{{Joseph Stalin series|expanded=Political ideology}}</noinclude>

'''Stalinism''' ({{Langx|ru|сталинизм}}, {{Transliteration|ru|stalinizm}}) is the [[Totalitarianism|totalitarian]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kershaw |first1=Ian |last2=Lewin |first2=Moshe |title=Stalinism and Nazism: Dictatorships in Comparison |date=28 April 1997 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-56521-9 |pages=88–89 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_tmGaItZ0tsC&q=stalinism+totalitarianism |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Baratieri |first1=Daniela |last2=Edele |first2=Mark |last3=Finaldi |first3=Giuseppe |title=Totalitarian Dictatorship: New Histories |date=8 October 2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-04396-4 |pages=1–50 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CRpGAQAAQBAJ&dq=stalinism+totalitarian&pg=PT17 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Stalin: A Political Biography">{{cite book |last1=Deutscher |first1=Isaac |title=Stalin: A Political Biography |date=1967 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-14-020757-6 |page=ix |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Oa4eAAAAMAAJ&q=isaac+deutscher+stalin |language=en}}</ref>  means of governing and [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist–Leninist]] policies implemented in the [[Soviet Union]] (USSR) from [[History of the Soviet Union (1927–1953)|1927 to 1953]] by [[dictator]] [[Joseph Stalin]] and in [[Satellite state#Post-World War II|Soviet satellite states]] between 1944 and 1953. Stalinism included the creation of a [[Rule of man|one man]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Krieger |first1=Joel |title=The Oxford Companion to Comparative Politics |date=2013 |publisher=OUP USA |isbn=978-0-19-973859-5 |page=414 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r-dMAgAAQBAJ&dq=stalinism+one+man+rule&pg=RA1-PA414 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Gill |first1=Graeme |last2=Gill |first2=Graeme J. |title=The Origins of the Stalinist Political System |date=18 July 2002 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-52936-5 |page=14 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dV_Gufwx31UC&dq=stalinism+one+man+rule&pg=PA14 |language=en}}</ref> totalitarian [[police state]], rapid [[Industrialization in the Soviet Union|industrialization]], the theory of [[socialism in one country]], forced [[Collective farming|collectivization of agriculture]], [[intensification of the class struggle under socialism|intensification of class conflict]], a [[Joseph Stalin's cult of personality|cult of personality]],<ref>{{cite book|author-last=Deutscher |author-first=Isaac |author-link=Isaac Deutscher |date=1961 |url=https://archive.org/details/stalinpoliticalb00deut/page/n7 |pages=7–9 |title=Stalin: A Political Biography |edition=2nd |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-500273-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author-last=Plamper |author-first=Jan |author-link=Jan Plamper |date=17 January 2012 |title=The Stalin Cult: A Study in the Alchemy of Power |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-16952-2}}</ref> and subordination of the interests of foreign [[Communist party|communist parties]] to those of the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]], which Stalinism deemed the leading [[Vanguardism|vanguard party]] of [[communist revolution]] at the time.<ref>{{cite book|author-last=Bottomore |author-first=Thomas |author-link=Thomas Bottomore |date=1991 |title=A Dictionary of Marxist Thought |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |pages=54 |isbn=978-0-631-18082-1}}</ref> After Stalin's death and the [[Khrushchev Thaw]], a period of [[de-Stalinization]] began in the 1950s and 1960s, which caused the influence of Stalin's ideology to begin to wane in the USSR.

Stalin's regime forcibly purged society of what it saw as threats to itself and its brand of communism (so-called "[[Enemy of the people|enemies of the people]]"), which included [[Soviet dissidents|political dissidents]], non-Soviet nationalists, the [[bourgeoisie]], better-off peasants ("[[kulak]]s"),{{sfn|Kotkin|1997|p=71, 81, 307}} and those of the [[working class]] who demonstrated "[[counter-revolutionary]]" sympathies.<ref>{{cite book|author-last=Rossman |author-first=Jeffrey |date=2005 |title=Worker Resistance Under Stalin: Class and Revolution on the Shop Floor |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=0-674-01926-1}}</ref> This resulted in mass [[Political repression|repression]] of such people and [[Family members of traitors to the Motherland|their families]], including mass arrests, [[show trial]]s, executions, and imprisonment in [[Forced labor in the Soviet Union|forced labor]] camps known as [[gulag]]s.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Pons |editor-first1=Silvo |editor-last2=Service |editor-first2=Robert |editor-link2=Robert Service (historian) |date=2012 |title=A Dictionary of 20th Century Communism |publisher=Princeton University Press |pages=307 |isbn=978-0-691-15429-9}}</ref> The most notorious examples were the [[Great Purge]] and the [[Dekulakization]] campaign. Stalinism was also marked by militant atheism, mass [[Soviet anti-religious legislation|anti-religious persecution]],<ref name="service">{{cite book|author-last1=Service |author-first1=Robert |author-link1=Robert Service (historian) |date=2007 |title=Comrades!: A History of World Communism |publisher=Harvard University Press |pages=3–6 |isbn=978-0-674-04699-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Greeley |editor-first1=Andrew |editor-link1=Andrew Greeley |title=Religion in Europe at the End of the Second Millennium: A Sociological Profile |publisher=Routledge|date=2009 |pages=89 |isbn=978-0-7658-0821-9}}</ref> and [[ethnic cleansing]] through [[Population transfer in the Soviet Union|forced deportations]].<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Pons |editor-first1=Silvo |editor-last2=Service |editor-first2=Robert |editor-link2=Robert Service (historian) |date=2012 |title=A Dictionary of 20th Century Communism |publisher=Princeton University Press |pages=308–310 |isbn=978-0-691-15429-9}}</ref> Some historians, such as [[Robert Service (historian)|Robert Service]], have blamed Stalinist policies, particularly collectivization, for causing [[famine]]s such as the [[Holodomor]].<ref name="service" /> Other historians and scholars disagree on Stalinism's role.<ref>{{cite thesis |author-last=Sawicky |author-first=Nicholas D. |date=20 December 2013 |url=https://digitalcommons.brockport.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1318&context=ehd_theses |title=The Holodomor: Genocide and National Identity |type=Education and Human Development Master's Theses |publisher=The College at Brockport: State University of New York |access-date=6 October 2020 |via=Digital Commons |quote=Scholars also disagree over what role the Soviet Union played in the tragedy. Some scholars point to Stalin as the mastermind behind the famine, due to his hatred of Ukrainians (Hosking, 1987). Others assert that Stalin did not actively cause the famine, but he knew about it and did nothing to stop it (Moore, 2012). Still other scholars argue that the famine was just an effect of the Soviet Union's push for rapid industrialization and a by-product of that was the destruction of the peasant way of life (Fischer, 1935). The final school of thought argues that the Holodomor was caused by factors beyond the control of the Soviet Union and Stalin took measures to reduce the effects of the famine on the Ukrainian people (Davies & Wheatcroft, 2006). |archive-date=February 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206042729/https://digitalcommons.brockport.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1318&context=ehd_theses |url-status=dead }}</ref>