Editing Staphylococcus aureus (section)

{{Short description|Species of Gram-positive bacterium}}
{{cs1 config|name-list-style=vanc|display-authors=6}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Staphylococcus_aureus_VISA_2.jpg
| image_alt = Scanning electron micrograph of "S. aureus"; false color added
| image_caption = Scanning electron micrograph of ''S.&nbsp;aureus''; [[false color]] added
| genus = Staphylococcus
| species = aureus
| authority = [[Friedrich Julius Rosenbach|Rosenbach]] 1884
| synonyms =
| synonyms_ref =
}}
{{Infobox medical condition (new)
 |name          = ''Staphylococcus aureus''
 |synonym       = ''Staph aureus'', ''S. aureus''
 |image         =
 |alt           =
 |caption       =
 |pronounce     =
 |specialty     = [[Infectious disease (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]]
 |symptoms      =
 |complications =
 |onset         =
 |duration      =
 |types         = Methicillin-susceptible ''Staphylococcus aureus'',
Methicillin-resistant ''Staphylococcus aureus''
 |causes        = ''Staphylococcus aureus'' bacteria
 |risks         =
 |diagnosis     =
 |differential  =  other bacterial, viral and fungal infections,
 |prevention    = hand washing, cleaning surfaces
 |treatment     =
 |medication    =Antibiotics
 |prognosis     =
 |frequency     = 20% to 30% of the human population often without symptoms
 |deaths        =
}}
[[File:Staphylococcus aureus appearance on agar plates.jpg|thumb|''Staphylococcus aureus'' on basic cultivation media]]
[[File:Staphylococcus aureus identification.jpg|thumb|[[Hemolysis (microbiology)|Hemolysis]] on [[blood agar]], [[DNase]] activity, [[Clumping factor A|clumping factor]], [[latex agglutination]], growth on [[Mannitol salt agar|mannitol-salt]] and [[Baird-Parker agar|Baird-Parker]] agar, [[hyaluronidase]] production.]]

'''''Staphylococcus aureus''''' is a [[Gram-positive bacteria|Gram-positive]] [[coccus|spherically shaped]] [[bacterium]], a member of the [[Bacillota]], and is a usual member of the [[microbiota]] of the body, frequently found in the [[Respiratory tract|upper respiratory tract]] and on the [[skin]]. It is often positive for [[catalase]] and [[denitrification|nitrate reduction]] and is a [[facultative anaerobic organism|facultative anaerobe]], meaning that it can grow without oxygen.<ref name="pmid11717286">{{cite journal |vauthors=Masalha M, Borovok I, Schreiber R, Aharonowitz Y, Cohen G |date=December 2001 |title=Analysis of transcription of the ''Staphylococcus aureus'' aerobic class Ib and anaerobic class III ribonucleotide reductase genes in response to oxygen |journal=Journal of Bacteriology |volume=183 |issue=24 |pages=7260–72 |doi=10.1128/JB.183.24.7260-7272.2001 |pmc=95576 |pmid=11717286}}</ref> Although ''S. aureus'' usually acts as a [[Commensalism|commensal]] of the human microbiota, it can also become an [[Opportunistic infection|opportunistic pathogen]], being a common cause of [[skin infection]]s including [[Abscess#Classification|abscess]]es, [[respiratory disease#Respiratory tract infections|respiratory infections]] such as [[sinusitis]], and [[food poisoning]]. Pathogenic strains often promote [[infection]]s by producing [[virulence factor]]s such as potent [[protein]] [[Exotoxin|toxins]], and the expression of a [[Protein A|cell-surface protein]] that binds and inactivates [[Antibody|antibodies]]. ''S. aureus'' is one of the leading pathogens for deaths associated with antimicrobial resistance and the emergence of [[antibiotic-resistant]] strains, such as [[Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus|methicillin-resistant ''S. aureus'']] (MRSA). The bacterium is a worldwide problem in [[medicine#Clinical practice|clinical medicine]]. Despite much [[research and development]], no [[vaccine]] for ''S. aureus'' has been approved.

An estimated 21% to 30% of the human population are long-term carriers of ''S. aureus'',<ref name="pmid9227864">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kluytmans J, van Belkum A, Verbrugh H |date=July 1997 |title=Nasal carriage of ''Staphylococcus aureus'': epidemiology, underlying mechanisms, and associated risks |journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=505–520 |doi=10.1128/CMR.10.3.505 |pmc=172932 |pmid=9227864}}</ref><ref name="Tong2015" /> which can be found as part of the normal [[skin microbiota]], in the [[nostril]]s,<ref name="pmid9227864"/><ref name="PMC96227">{{cite journal | vauthors = Cole AM, Tahk S, Oren A, Yoshioka D, Kim YH, Park A, Ganz T | title = Determinants of ''Staphylococcus aureus'' nasal carriage | journal = Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology | volume = 8 | issue = 6 | pages = 1064–9 | date = November 2001 | pmid = 11687441 | pmc = 96227 | doi = 10.1128/CDLI.8.6.1064-1069.2001 }}</ref> and as a normal [[List of microbiota species of the lower reproductive tract of women|inhabitant]] of the lower [[female reproductive system|reproductive tract]] of females.<ref name="SenokVerstraelen2009">{{cite journal | vauthors = Senok AC, Verstraelen H, Temmerman M, Botta GA | title = Probiotics for the treatment of bacterial vaginosis | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue = 4 | pages = CD006289 | date = October 2009 | pmid = 19821358 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD006289.pub2 }}</ref><ref name="Hoffman2012">{{cite book | vauthors = Hoffman B | title = Williams Gynecology | edition = 2nd | publisher = McGraw-Hill Medical |page=65 | year = 2012 | isbn = 978-0-07-171672-7 }}</ref> ''S. aureus'' can cause a range of illnesses, from minor skin infections, such as [[pimple]]s,<ref name=medlineplus>{{cite encyclopedia
|encyclopedia=MedlinePlus [Internet]
|title=Staphylococcal Infections
|url= https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/staphylococcalinfections.html
|publisher=National Library of Medicine, US
|location=Bethesda, MD
|quote=Skin infections are the most common. They can look like pimples or boils.
}}</ref> [[impetigo]], [[boil]]s, [[cellulitis]], [[folliculitis]], [[carbuncle]]s, [[scalded skin syndrome]], and [[abscess]]es, to life-threatening diseases such as [[pneumonia]], [[meningitis]], [[osteomyelitis]], [[endocarditis]], [[toxic shock syndrome]], [[bacteremia]], and [[sepsis]]. It is still one of the five most common causes of [[hospital-acquired infection]]s and is often the cause of [[complication (medicine)|wound infections]] following [[surgery]]. Each year, around 500,000 hospital patients in the United States contract a [[staphylococcal infection]], chiefly by ''S. aureus''.<ref name=NIH>{{cite news | vauthors = Bowersox J | url=http://www3.niaid.nih.gov/news/newsreleases/1999/staph.htm | title=Experimental Staph Vaccine Broadly Protective in Animal Studies | publisher=NIH | date=27 May 1999 | access-date=28 July 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070505050641/http://www3.niaid.nih.gov/news/newsreleases/1999/staph.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date = 5 May 2007}}</ref> Up to 50,000 deaths each year in the U.S. are linked to staphylococcal infection.<ref name="pmid25332378">{{cite journal | vauthors = Schlecht LM, Peters BM, Krom BP, Freiberg JA, Hänsch GM, Filler SG, Jabra-Rizk MA, Shirtliff ME | title = Systemic ''Staphylococcus aureus'' infection mediated by ''Candida albicans'' hyphal invasion of mucosal tissue | journal = Microbiology | volume = 161 | issue = Pt 1 | pages = 168–181 | date = January 2015 | pmid = 25332378 | pmc = 4274785 | doi = 10.1099/mic.0.083485-0 | doi-access = free }}</ref>