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Stendhal
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{{Short description|French writer (1783–1842)}} {{About|the writer|the German city|Stendal}} {{Infobox writer <!-- for more information see [[:Template:Infobox writer/doc]] --> | name = Marie-Henri Beyle | image = Stendhal.jpg | caption = Stendhal, by [[Olof Johan Södermark]], 1840 | birth_date = {{birth date|1783|1|23|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Grenoble]], [[Kingdom of France]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1842|3|23|1783|1|23|df=y}} | death_place = [[Paris]], [[July Monarchy|Kingdom of France]] | occupation = Writer | resting_place = [[Montmartre Cemetery]], Paris | movement = [[Literary realism|Realism]] | website = }} '''Marie-Henri Beyle''' ({{IPA|fr|maʁi ɑ̃ʁi bɛl|lang}}; 23 January 1783 – 23 March 1842), better known by his [[pen name]] '''Stendhal''' ({{IPAc-en|UK|ˈ|s|t|ɒ̃|d|ɑː|l}}, {{IPAc-en|US|s|t|ɛ|n|ˈ|d|ɑː|l|,_|s|t|æ|n|ˈ|-}},<ref>{{cite web|url=http://oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/english/Stendhal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925145446/http://oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/english/Stendhal|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 25, 2013|title=Stendhal: definition of Stendhal in Oxford dictionary (British & World English) (US)|date=2014-01-23|publisher=Oxforddictionaries.com|access-date=2014-01-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/Stendhal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130326131735/http://oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/Stendhal|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 26, 2013|title=Stendhal: definition of Stendhal in Oxford dictionary (American English) (US)|date=2014-01-23|publisher=Oxforddictionaries.com|access-date=2014-01-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/stendhal |title=Stendhal - Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary |publisher=Merriam-webster.com |date=2012-08-31 |access-date=2014-01-28}}</ref> {{IPA|fr|stɛ̃dal, stɑ̃dal|lang}}),{{efn|The pronunciation {{IPA|fr|stɛ̃dal|}} is the most common in France today, as shown by the entry ''stendhalien'' ({{IPA|fr|stɛ̃daljɛ̃|}}) in the Petit Robert dictionary and by the pronunciation recorded on the authoritative website ''Pronny the pronouncer'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rightpronunciation.com/details.asp?id=3491&id2=30|title=Stendhal|work=Pronny the pronouncer|access-date=2013-08-30|archive-date=2016-03-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308151457/http://rightpronunciation.com/details.asp?id=3491&id2=30|url-status=dead}}</ref> which is run by a professor of linguistics and records the pronunciations of highly educated native speakers. The pronunciation {{IPA|fr|stɑ̃dal|}} is less common in France today, but was presumably the most common one in 19th-century France and perhaps the one preferred by Stendhal, as shown by the at the time well-known phrase "Stendhal, c'est un scandale" as explained on page 88 of {{cite book|postscript=none|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KjC041e87qkC&q=scandale|title=Stendhal: The Red and the Black|isbn = 9780521349826|last1 = Haig|first1 = Stirling|date = 22 June 1989| publisher=Cambridge University Press }} by Stirling Haig. On the other hand, many obituaries used the spelling ''Styndal'', which clearly indicates that the pronunciation {{IPA|fr|stɛ̃dal|}} was also already common at the time of his death (see {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PNcqAAAAMAAJ&q=stendal|title=Literaturblatt für germanische und romanische Philologie|year=1936|volume=57 to 58|language=de|page=175|postscript=).}} Since Stendhal had lived and traveled extensively in Germany, it is of course also possible that he in fact pronounced his name as {{IPA|de|ˈʃtɛndaːl|}} (as the German city of [[Stendal]]), using {{IPA|/ɛn/}} instead of {{IPA|/ɛ̃/}} (and perhaps also with {{IPA|/ʃ/}} instead of {{IPA|/s/}}), and that some French speakers approximated this but that most used one of the two common French pronunciations of the spelling ''-en-'' ({{IPA|fr|ɑ̃|}} and {{IPA|fr|ɛ̃|}}).}} was a French writer. Best known for the novels ''Le Rouge et le Noir'' (''[[The Red and the Black]]'', 1830) and ''La Chartreuse de Parme'' (''[[The Charterhouse of Parma]]'', 1839), he is highly regarded for the acute analysis of his characters' psychology and considered one of the early and foremost practitioners of [[Literary realism|realism]]. A self-proclaimed egotist, the neologism for the same characteristic in his characters was "Beylism".<ref name="NYTimes" />
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