Editing Steven Brams (section)

{{Short description|American mathematician (born 1940)}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name              = Steven J. Brams
| image             = StevenBrams.jpg
| image_size        = 
| caption           = Brams in 2006
| birth_date        = {{Birth date and age|1940|11|28|mf=yes}}
| birth_place       = [[Concord, New Hampshire|Concord]], [[New Hampshire]]
| death_date        = 
| death_place       = 
| residence         = 
| citizenship       = 
| nationality       = [[United States|American]]
| ethnicity         = 
| fields            = [[Political science]]
| workplaces        = [[Syracuse University]]<br>[[New York University]]
| alma_mater        = [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]<br>[[Northwestern University]]
| doctoral_advisor  = 
| academic_advisors = 
| doctoral_students = 
| notable_students  = 
| known_for         = Independent discoverer of [[approval voting]]<br>Solved the problem of [[envy-free cake-cutting]]<br>Has applied [[game theory]] to a wide range of strategic situations
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| influences        = 
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| religion          = 
| signature         = <!--(filename only)-->
| birth_name        = Steven J. Brams
}}

'''Steven J. Brams''' (born November 28, 1940) is an American game theorist and political scientist at the [[New York University]] Department of Politics. Brams is best known for using the techniques of [[game theory]], [[public choice theory]], and [[social choice theory]] to analyze [[voting systems]] and [[fair division]]. He is one of the independent discoverers of [[approval voting]],<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Brams | first1=Steven J. | last2=Fishburn | first2=Peter C. | title=Approval Voting | journal=American Political Science Review | publisher=Cambridge University Press (CUP) | volume=72 | issue=3 | year=1978 | issn=0003-0554 | doi=10.2307/1955105 | pages=831–847 |jstor=1955105| s2cid=154191938 }}</ref> as well as extensions of approval voting to multiple-winner elections to give proportional representation of different interests.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Brams | first1=Steven J. | last2=Kilgour | first2=D. Marc | last3=Potthoff | first3=Richard F. | title=Multiwinner approval voting: an apportionment approach | journal=Public Choice | publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC | volume=178 | issue=1–2 | date=2018-10-05 | issn=0048-5829 | doi=10.1007/s11127-018-0609-2 | pages=67–93 |jstor=48703347 | s2cid=254934379 |url=https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/77931/1/MPRA_paper_77931.pdf}}</ref>

Brams was a co-discoverer, with [[Alan D. Taylor|Alan Taylor]], of the first [[envy-free cake-cutting]] solution for ''n'' people.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Brams | first1=Steven J. | last2=Taylor | first2=Alan D. | title=An Envy-Free Cake Division Protocol | journal=The American Mathematical Monthly | publisher=Mathematical Association of America | volume=102 | issue=1 | year=1995 | issn=1930-0972| jstor=2974850 | pages=9–18 | doi=10.2307/2974850}}</ref>
Previous to the [[Brams-Taylor procedure]], the cake-cutting problem had been one of the most important open problems in contemporary mathematics.<ref>
{{cite journal
 |author=Will Hively
 |title=Dividing the spoils - Steven Brams, Alan Taylor devise procedure to divide anything equitably
 |journal=Discover Magazine |date=March 1995 | url=http://discovermagazine.com/1995/mar/dividingthespoil479/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070410122312/http://discovermagazine.com/1995/mar/dividingthespoil479/ | archive-date=2007-04-10 | url-status=dead}}
</ref> He is co-inventor with Taylor of the fair-division procedure, adjusted winner,<ref>{{cite web | title=Adjusted Winner Website | website=NYU | url=https://pages.nyu.edu/adjustedwinner/}}</ref> which was patented by New York University in 1999 (# 5,983,205).<ref>{{cite patent |country=US |status=patent |number=5983205 |title=Computer-based method for the fair division of ownership of goods}}</ref>

Brams has applied game theory to a wide variety of strategic situations, from the Bible<ref>{{cite book | last=Brams | first=S.J. | title=Biblical Games: Game Theory and the Hebrew Bible | publisher=MIT Press | year=2003 | isbn=978-0-262-52332-5 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Brams | first=S.J. | title=Game Theory and the Humanities: Bridging Two Worlds | publisher=MIT Press  | year=2011 | isbn=978-0-262-01522-6 }}</ref> and theology <ref>{{cite book | last=Brams | first=S.J. | title=Divine Games: Game Theory and the Undecidability of a Superior Being | publisher=MIT Press | year=2018 | isbn=978-0-262-03833-1 }}</ref> to international relations <ref>{{cite book | last=Brams | first=S.J. | title=Superpower Games: Applying Game Theory to Superpower Conflict | publisher=Yale University Press | year=1985 | isbn=978-0-300-23640-8 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last1=Brams | first1=S. | last2=Kilgour | first2=D.M. | title=Game Theory and National Security | publisher=Wiley | year=1991 | isbn=978-1-55786-003-3 }}</ref> to sports.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Brams | first1=Steven J. | last2=Ismail | first2=Mehmet S. | title=Making the Rules of Sports Fairer | journal=SIAM Review | publisher=Society for Industrial & Applied Mathematics (SIAM) | volume=60 | issue=1 | year=2018 | issn=0036-1445 | doi=10.1137/16m1074540 | pages=181–202 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1=Brams | first1=Steven J. | last2=Ismail | first2=Mehmet S. | last3=Kilgour | first3=D. Marc | last4=Stromquist | first4=Walter | title=Catch-Up: A Rule That Makes Service Sports More Competitive | journal=The American Mathematical Monthly | publisher=Informa UK Limited | volume=125 | issue=9 | date=2018-10-21 | issn=0002-9890 | doi=10.1080/00029890.2018.1502544 | pages=771–796 |arxiv=1808.06922| s2cid=4691445 }}</ref>