Editing Strabismus (section)

{{short description|Eyes not aligning when looking at something}}
{{For|the protein Strabismus|Strabismus (protein)}}
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{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use American English|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox medical condition (new)
| name            = Strabismus
| synonyms        = Heterotropia, crossed eyes, squint<ref name=Ox2017/>
| image           = StrabismusVL2.jpg
| caption         = A person with [[exotropia]], an outward deviated eye
| field           = [[Ophthalmology]], [[optometry]]
| pronounce       = {{IPAc-en|s|t|r|ə|ˈ|b|ɪ|z|m|ə|s}}<ref name=Ox2017>{{cite web|title=Strabismus noun - Definition, pictures, pronunciation and usage notes {{!}} Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary|url=https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/strabismus|website=www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com|access-date=August 1, 2017|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801035735/https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/strabismus|archive-date=August 1, 2017}}</ref>
| symptoms        = Nonaligned [[eyes]]<ref name=NEI2016Def/>
| complications   = [[Amblyopia]], [[diplopia|double vision]]<ref name=Gun2015/>
| onset           =
| duration        =
| types           = [[Esotropia]] (eyes crossed); [[exotropia]] (eyes diverge); [[hypertropia]] (eyes vertically misaligned)<ref name=Gun2015/>
| causes          = Muscle dysfunction, [[farsightedness]], problems in the brain, trauma, infections<ref name=Gun2015/>
| risks           = [[Premature birth]], [[cerebral palsy]], family history<ref name=Gun2015/>
| diagnosis       = Observing light reflected from the [[pupil]]<ref name=Gun2015/>
| differential    = [[Cranial nerve disease]],<ref name=Gun2015/> [[convergence insufficiency]]
| prevention      =
| treatment       = [[Glasses]], surgery<ref name=Gun2015/>
| medication      =
| prognosis       =
| frequency       = ~2% (children)<ref name=Gun2015/>
| deaths          =
|alt=}}
<!-- Definition and symptoms -->

'''Strabismus''' is an eye disorder in which the eyes do not properly align with each other when looking at an object.<ref name=NEI2016Def>{{cite web|title=Visual Processing: Strabismus|date=June 16, 2010|url=https://www.nei.nih.gov/faqs/visual-processing-strabismus|website=National Eye Institute|publisher=National Institutes of Health|access-date=October 2, 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005125745/https://www.nei.nih.gov/faqs/visual-processing-strabismus|archive-date=October 5, 2016}}</ref> The eye that is pointed at an object can alternate.<ref name=Gun2015/> The condition may be present occasionally or constantly.<ref name=Gun2015/> If present during a large part of childhood, it may result in [[amblyopia]], or lazy eyes, and loss of [[depth perception]].<ref name=Gun2015/> If onset is during adulthood, it is more likely to result in [[diplopia|double vision]].<ref name=Gun2015/>

<!-- Cause and diagnosis -->
Strabismus can occur out of muscle dysfunction (e.g., [[myasthenia gravis]]<ref name="pmid30580990">{{cite journal | vauthors = Merino Sanz P, Del Cerro Pérez I, Alan Peinado G, Gómez de Liaño Sánchez P | title = Causes and surgical treatment of diplopia and strabismus secondary to myasthenia gravis | journal = Archivos de la Sociedad Espanola de Oftalmologia | volume = 94 | issue = 3 | pages = 107–113 | date = March 2019 | pmid = 30580990 | doi = 10.1016/j.oftal.2018.11.007 | url = }}</ref><ref name="pmid38790567">{{cite journal | vauthors = Maeda M, Shimomura H, Tokunaga S, Taniguchi N, Lee T, Takeshima Y | title = Clinical Characteristics and Treatment of Juvenile Myasthenia Gravis-A Single-Center Experience | journal = Children | volume = 11 | issue = 5 | date = May 2024 | page = 572 | pmid = 38790567 | pmc = 11120409 | doi = 10.3390/children11050572 | doi-access = free | url = }}</ref>), [[farsightedness]], problems in the brain, trauma, or infections.<ref name=Gun2015/> Risk factors include [[premature birth]], [[cerebral palsy]], and a family history of the condition.<ref name=Gun2015/> Types include [[esotropia]], where the eyes are crossed ("cross eyed"); [[exotropia]], where the eyes diverge ("lazy eyed" or "wall eyed"); and [[hypertropia]] or hypotropia, where they are vertically misaligned.<ref name=Gun2015/> They can also be classified by whether the problem is present in all directions a person looks (comitant) or varies by direction (incomitant).<ref name=Gun2015/> Another condition that produces similar symptoms is a [[cranial nerve disease]].<ref name=Gun2015>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gunton KB, Wasserman BN, DeBenedictis C | title = Strabismus | journal = Primary Care | volume = 42 | issue = 3 | pages = 393–407 | date = September 2015 | pmid = 26319345 | doi = 10.1016/j.pop.2015.05.006 }}</ref> Diagnosis may be made by observing the light reflecting from the person's eyes and finding that it is not centered on the [[pupil]].<ref name=Gun2015/> This is known as the [[Hirschberg test|Hirschberg reflex test]].

<!-- Treatment, epidemiology, and culture -->
Treatment depends on the type of strabismus and the underlying cause.<ref name=Gun2015/> This may include the use of [[eyeglasses]] and possibly [[strabismus surgery|surgery]].<ref name=Gun2015/> Some types benefit from early surgery.<ref name=Gun2015/> Strabismus occurs in about 2% of children.<ref name=Gun2015/> The term comes from the [[Ancient Greek]] word {{wikt-lang|grc|στραβισμός}} (''{{grc-transl|στραβισμός}}''), meaning 'a squinting'.<ref>{{cite web |title=strabismus (n.) |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=strabismus |website=[[Online Etymology Dictionary]] |first=Douglas R. |last=Harper |access-date=October 2, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161212180859/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=strabismus |archive-date=December 12, 2016 }}</ref> Other terms for the condition include "squint" and "cast of the eye".<ref name=Bro1993>{{cite book |last = Brown |first = Lesley |title = The New shorter Oxford English dictionary on historical principles |publisher = Clarendon |location = Oxford |year = 1993 |pages = Strabismus |isbn = 978-0-19-861271-1 |url-access = registration |url = https://archive.org/details/newshorteroxford00lesl }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/strabismus |title = strabismus |website = English: Oxford Living Dictionaries |publisher = Oxford University Press |date = 2016 |access-date = April 6, 2016 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160421162831/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/strabismus |archive-date = April 21, 2016 |df = mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dictionary.com/browse/squint|title=the definition of squint|website=Dictionary.com|access-date=July 20, 2016}}</ref>