Editing Streptococcus (section)

{{Short description|Genus of bacteria}}
{{Distinguish|Staphylococcus}}
{{See also|Strep throat}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Streptococci.jpg
| taxon = Streptococcus
| authority = [[Friedrich Julius Rosenbach|Rosenbach]], 1884
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision_ref = <ref name=Streptococcus/>
| subdivision =
* ''[[Streptococcus acidominimus]]''<ref name=Streptococcus>{{cite web| vauthors = Parte AC |title=Streptococcus|website=[[LPSN]]|url=https://lpsn.dsmz.de/genus/streptococcus}}</ref>
* ''[[Streptococcus agalactiae]]'' (Group B Streptococcus)
* ''[[Streptococcus alactolyticus]]''<ref name=Streptococcus/>
* ''[[Streptococcus anginosus]]''
* ''[[Streptococcus australis]]''<ref name=Streptococcus/>
* ''[[Streptococcus caballi]]''<ref name=Streptococcus/>
* ''[[Streptococcus cameli]]''<ref name=Streptococcus/>
* ''[[Streptococcus canis]]''
* ''[[Streptococcus caprae]]''<ref name=Streptococcus/>
* ''[[Streptococcus castoreus]]''<ref name=Streptococcus/>
* ''[[Streptococcus constellatus]]''
* ''[[Streptococcus criceti]]''<ref name=Streptococcus/>
* ''[[Streptococcus cristatus]]''
* ''[[Streptococcus cuniculi]]''<ref name=Streptococcus/>
* ''[[Streptococcus danieliae]]''<ref name=Streptococcus/>
* ''[[Streptococcus dentasini]]''<ref name=Streptococcus/>
* ''[[Streptococcus dentiloxodontae]]''<ref name=Streptococcus/>
* ''[[Streptococcus dentirousetti]]''<ref name=Streptococcus/>
* ''[[Streptococcus devriesei]]''<ref name=Streptococcus/>
* ''[[Streptococcus didelphis]]''<ref name=Streptococcus/>
* ''[[Streptococcus downei]]''
* ''[[Streptococcus dysgalactiae]]''
* ''[[Streptococcus entericus]]''<ref name=Streptococcus/>
* ''[[Streptococcus equi]]''<ref name=Streptococcus/>
* ''[[Streptococcus equinus]]''
* ''[[Streptococcus faecalis]]'' (Group D Strepcoccus)
* ''[[Streptococcus ferus]]''
* ''[[Streptococcus gallinaceus]]''<ref name=Streptococcus/>
* ''[[Streptococcus gallolyticus]]''<ref name=Streptococcus/>
* ''[[Streptococcus gordonii]]''<ref name=Streptococcus/>
* ''[[Streptococcus halichoeri]]''<ref name=Streptococcus/>
* ''[[Streptococcus halotolerans]]''<ref name=Streptococcus/>
* ''[[Streptococcus henryi]]''<ref name=Streptococcus/>
* ''[[Streptococcus himalayensis]]''<ref name=Streptococcus/>
* ''[[Streptococcus hongkongensis]]''<ref name=Streptococcus/>
* ''[[Streptococcus hyointestinalis]]''<ref name=Streptococcus/>
* ''[[Streptococcus hyovaginalis]]''<ref name=Streptococcus/>
* ''[[Streptococcus ictaluri]]''<ref name=Streptococcus/>
* ''[[Streptococcus infantarius]]''
* ''[[Streptococcus infantis]]''<ref name=Streptococcus/>
* ''[[Streptococcus iniae]]''
* ''[[Streptococcus intermedius]]''
* ''[[Streptococcus lactarius]]''<ref name=Streptococcus/>
* ''[[Streptococcus loxodontisalivarius]]''<ref name=Streptococcus/>
* ''[[Streptococcus lutetiensis]]''<ref name=Streptococcus/>
* ''[[Streptococcus macacae]]''<ref name=Streptococcus/>
* ''[[Streptococcus marimammalium]]''<ref name=Streptococcus/>
* ''[[Streptococcus marmotae]]''<ref name=Streptococcus/>
* ''[[Streptococcus massiliensis]]''<ref name=Streptococcus/>
* ''[[Streptococcus merionis]]''<ref name=Streptococcus/>
* ''[[Streptococcus minor]]''<ref name=Streptococcus/>
* ''[[Streptococcus mitis]]''
* ''[[Streptococcus moroccensis]]''<ref name=Streptococcus/>
* ''[[Streptococcus mutans]]''
* ''[[Streptococcus oralis]]''
* ''[[Streptococcus oricebi]]''<ref name=Streptococcus/>
* ''[[Streptococcus oriloxodontae]]''<ref name=Streptococcus/>
* ''[[Streptococcus orisasini]]''<ref name=Streptococcus/>
* ''[[Streptococcus orisratti]]''
* ''[[Streptococcus orisuis]]''<ref name=Streptococcus/>
* ''[[Streptococcus ovis]]''<ref name=Streptococcus/>
* ''[[Streptococcus panodentis]]''<ref name=Streptococcus/>
* ''[[Streptococcus pantholopis]]''<ref name=Streptococcus/>
* ''[[Streptococcus parasanguinis]]''
* ''[[Streptococcus parasuis]]''<ref name=Streptococcus/>
* ''[[Streptococcus parauberis]]''<ref name=Streptococcus/>
* ''[[Streptococcus peroris]]''
* ''[[Streptococcus pharyngis]]''<ref name=Streptococcus/>
* ''[[Streptococcus phocae]]''<ref name=Streptococcus/>
* ''[[Streptococcus pluranimalium]]''<ref name=Streptococcus/>
* ''[[Streptococcus plurextorum]]''<ref name=Streptococcus/>
* ''[[Streptococcus pneumoniae]]''<ref name=Streptococcus/>
* ''[[Streptococcus porci]]''<ref name=Streptococcus/>
* ''[[Streptococcus porcinus]]''<ref name=Streptococcus/>
* ''[[Streptococcus porcorum]]''<ref name=Streptococcus/>
* ''[[Streptococcus pseudopneumoniae]]''<ref name=Streptococcus/>
* ''[[Streptococcus pseudoporcinus]]''<ref name=Streptococcus/>
* ''[[Streptococcus pyogenes]]'' (Group A Streptococcus)
* ''[[Streptococcus ratti]]''
* ''[[Streptococcus rifensis]]''<ref name=Streptococcus/>
* ''[[Streptococcus rubneri]]''<ref name=Streptococcus/>
* ''[[Streptococcus rupicaprae]]''<ref name=Streptococcus/>
* ''[[Streptococcus salivarius]]''
* ''[[Streptococcus saliviloxodontae]]''<ref name=Streptococcus/>
* ''[[Streptococcus sanguinis]]''<ref name=Streptococcus/>
* ''[[Streptococcus sinensis]]''<ref name=Streptococcus/>
* ''[[Streptococcus sobrinus]]''<ref name=Streptococcus/>
* ''[[Streptococcus suis]]''
* ''[[Streptococcus tangierensis]]''<ref name=Streptococcus/>
* ''[[Streptococcus thermophilus]]''
* ''[[Streptococcus thoraltensis]]''<ref name=Streptococcus/>
* ''[[Streptococcus tigurinus]]''
* ''[[Streptococcus troglodytae]]''<ref name=Streptococcus/>
* ''[[Streptococcus troglodytidis]]''<ref name=Streptococcus/>
* ''[[Streptococcus uberis]]''
* ''[[Streptococcus urinalis]]''<ref name=Streptococcus/>
* ''[[Streptococcus ursoris]]''<ref name=Streptococcus/>
* ''[[Streptococcus vestibularis]]''
* ''[[Streptococcus zooepidemicus]]''
* [[Viridans streptococci]]
** [[Streptococcus anginosus group|''Streptococcus anginosus'' group]]
}}

'''''Streptococcus''''' is a [[genus]] of [[gram-positive bacteria|gram-positive]] spherical bacteria that belongs to the family [[Streptococcaceae]], within the order [[Lactobacillales]] (lactic acid bacteria), in the phylum [[Bacillota]].<ref name=Sherris/> [[Cell division]] in streptococci occurs along a single [[coordinate system|axis]], thus when growing they tend to form pairs or chains, which may appear bent or twisted. This differs from [[Staphylococcus|staphylococci]], which divide along multiple axes, thereby generating irregular, grape-like clusters of [[cell (biology)|cells]]. Most streptococci are [[Oxidase test|oxidase-negative]] and [[Catalase#Clinical significance and application|catalase-negative]], and many are [[facultative anaerobic organism|facultative anaerobes]] (capable of growth both aerobically and anaerobically).

The term was coined in 1877 by Viennese surgeon [[Theodor Billroth|Albert Theodor Billroth]] (1829–1894),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/streptococcus|title=streptococcus|website=Online Etymology Dictionary|access-date=25 July 2018}}</ref> by combining the prefix "strepto-" (from {{Langx|grc|[[wikt:στρεπτός|στρεπτός]]|streptós|easily twisted, pliant}}<ref>{{LSJ|strepto/s|στρεπτός|longref}}</ref>), together with the suffix "-coccus" (from Modern {{Langx|la|coccus}}, from {{Langx|grc|κόκκος|kókkos|grain, seed, berry|link=no}}.<ref>{{LSJ|ko/kkos|κόκκος|shortref}}</ref>) In 1984, many bacteria formerly grouped in the genus ''Streptococcus'' were separated out into the [[Genus|genera]] ''[[Enterococcus]]'' and ''[[Lactococcus]]''.<ref name="pmid12364372">{{cite journal | vauthors = Facklam R | title = What happened to the streptococci: overview of taxonomic and nomenclature changes | journal = Clinical Microbiology Reviews | volume = 15 | issue = 4 | pages = 613–630 | date = October 2002 | pmid = 12364372 | pmc = 126867 | doi = 10.1128/CMR.15.4.613-630.2002 }}</ref> Currently, over 50 species are recognised in this genus. This genus has been found to be part of the [[salivary microbiome]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Wang K, Lu W, Tu Q, Ge Y, He J, Zhou Y, Gou Y, Van Nostrand JD, Qin Y, Li J, Zhou J, Li Y, Xiao L, Zhou X | display-authors = 6 | title = Preliminary analysis of salivary microbiome and their potential roles in oral lichen planus | journal = Scientific Reports | volume = 6 | issue = 1 | pages = 22943 | date = March 2016 | pmid = 26961389 | pmc = 4785528 | doi = 10.1038/srep22943 | bibcode = 2016NatSR...622943W }}</ref>