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Stroop effect
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{{Short description|Effect of psychological interference on reaction time}} [[File:Stroop stimuli example.png|thumb|Naming the font color of a word is a slower and more difficult task if word and font color are mismatched (top) than if word and font color are unrelated (bottom).]] In [[psychology]], the '''Stroop effect''' is the delay in reaction time between neutral and incongruent stimuli. The effect has been used to create a psychological test (the '''Stroop test''') that is widely used in clinical practice and investigation.<ref> {{Cite journal |title=The Stroop Color and Word Test |journal=Frontiers in Psychology |last1=Scarpina |date=2017-04-12 |last2=Tagini |volume=8 |page=557 |doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00557|doi-access=free |pmid=28446889 |pmc=5388755 }} </ref> A basic task that demonstrates this effect occurs when there is an incongruent mismatch between the word for a color (e.g., ''blue'', ''green'', or ''red'') and the font color it is printed in (e.g., the word ''red'' printed in a blue font). Typically, when a person is asked to name the font color for each word in a series of words, they take longer and are more prone to errors when words for colors are printed in incongruous font colors (e.g., it generally takes longer to say "blue" in response to the word ''red'' in a blue font, than in response to a neutral word of the same length in a blue font, like ''kid''). The effect is named after [[John Ridley Stroop]], who first published the effect in English in 1935.<ref name="stroop">{{cite journal|title=Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions|journal=Journal of Experimental Psychology|year=1935|first=John Ridley|last=Stroop|volume=18|issue=6|pages=643β662|url=http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Stroop/|access-date=2008-10-08|doi=10.1037/h0054651|hdl=11858/00-001M-0000-002C-5ADB-7|hdl-access=free}}</ref> The effect had previously been published in Germany in 1929 by other authors.<ref name="Jaensch">{{cite book|last=Jaensch|first=E.R|title=Grundformen menschlichen Seins|publisher=Otto Elsner|year = 1929|location = Berlin}}</ref><ref name="pmid5328883">{{cite journal|vauthors=Jensen AR, Rohwer WD |title=The Stroop color-word test: a review|journal=Acta Psychologica|volume=25|issue=1|pages=36β93|year=1966|pmid=5328883|doi=10.1016/0001-6918(66)90004-7}}</ref><ref name="pmid2034749">{{cite journal|author=MacLeod CM|title=Half a century of research on the Stroop effect: an integrative review|journal=Psychological Bulletin|volume=109|issue=2|pages=163β203|date=March 1991|pmid=2034749|doi=10.1037/0033-2909.109.2.163|hdl=11858/00-001M-0000-002C-5646-A |url=http://content.apa.org/journals/bul/109/2/163|citeseerx=10.1.1.475.2563}}{{registration required}}</ref> The original paper by Stroop has been one of the most cited papers in the history of [[experimental psychology]], leading to more than 700 Stroop-related articles in literature.<ref name="pmid2034749" />
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