Editing Substance abuse (section)

{{Short description|Harmful use of drugs}}
{{redirect|Drug abuse|the album|Drug Abuse (album)}}
{{Infobox medical condition (new)
| name = Substance misuse
| image = File:HarmCausedByDrugsTable.svg
| caption = Table from the 2010 ISCD study ranking various drugs (legal and illegal) based on statements by drug-harm experts.<ref name="Nutt_2010">{{cite journal | vauthors = Nutt DJ, King LA, Phillips LD | title = Drug harms in the UK: a multicriteria decision analysis | journal = Lancet | volume = 376 | issue = 9752 | pages = 1558–1565 | date = November 2010 | pmid = 21036393 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61462-6 | s2cid = 5667719 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.690.1283 }}</ref>
| synonyms = Drug misuse, drug abuse, substance use disorder, substance misuse disorder
| width = 300
| field = [[Psychiatry]]
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| complications = [[Drug overdose]]
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| frequency = 27 million<ref name=UN2012/><ref name=EMC2016/>
| deaths = 1,106,000 US residents (1968–2020)<ref name=cdc>Data is from these '''saved tables''' from CDC Wonder at the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]], [[National Center for Health Statistics]]. The tables have totals, rates, and US populations per year. The numbers are  continually updated: "This dataset has been updated since this request was saved, which could lead to differences in results." So the numbers in the table at the source may be slightly different.
*'''1968–1978 data:''' [https://wonder.cdc.gov/controller/saved/D74/D72F578 Compressed Mortality File 1968–1978]. CDC WONDER Online Database, compiled from Compressed Mortality File CMF 1968–1988, Series 20, No. 2A, 2000. Accessed at http://wonder.cdc.gov/cmf-icd8.html
*'''1979–1998 data:''' [https://wonder.cdc.gov/controller/saved/D16/D72F579 Compressed Mortality File 1979–1998]. CDC WONDER On-line Database, compiled from Compressed Mortality File CMF 1968–1988, Series 20, No. 2A, 2000 and CMF 1989-1998, Series 20, No. 2E, 2003. Accessed at http://wonder.cdc.gov/cmf-icd9.html
*'''1999–2020 data:''' [https://wonder.cdc.gov/controller/saved/D77/D72F580 Multiple Cause of Death, 1999–2020 Results]. CDC WONDER Online Database. Data are from the Multiple Cause of Death Files, 1999–2020, as compiled from data provided by the 57 vital statistics jurisdictions through the Vital Statistics Cooperative Program. Accessed at http://wonder.cdc.gov/mcd-icd10.html</ref>
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<!-- Definition and symptoms -->

[[File:Toxicoman - Substance abuse.jpg|thumb|A person using an inhalant]]
'''Substance misuse''', also known as '''drug misuse''' or, in older vernacular, '''substance abuse''', is the use of a [[drug]] in amounts or by methods that are harmful to the individual or others. It is a form of [[substance-related disorder]], differing definitions of drug misuse are used in [[public health]], medical, and [[criminal justice]] contexts. In some cases, criminal or [[anti-social behavior]] occurs when some persons are under the influence of a drug, and may result in long-term personality changes in individuals which may also occur.<ref name=Ksir>{{cite book|last=Ksir|first=Oakley Ray; Charles|title=Drugs, society, and human behavior|year=2002|publisher=McGraw-Hill|location=Boston [u.a.]|isbn=978-0072319637|edition=9th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CFBHAAAAMAAJ&q=antisocial}}</ref> In addition to possible physical, social, and psychological harm, the use of some drugs may also lead to criminal penalties, although these vary widely depending on the local jurisdiction.<ref name="Mosby">{{Cite book |title=Mosby's Medical, Nursing, & Allied Health Dictionary |title-link=Mosby's Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing & Health Professions |date=2002 |publisher=[[Mosby (imprint)|Mosby]] |isbn=978-0-323-01430-4 |edition=6th |location=St. Louis |pages=552, 2109 |oclc=48535206}}.</ref>
[[File:Cocaine lines 2.jpg|thumb|right|Lines of cocaine prepared for snorting. [[Contaminated currency]] such as banknotes might serve as a [[fomite]] of diseases like [[hepatitis C]]<ref name="LV">{{cite web |url=http://cocaine.org/cokemoney/banknotes.html |title='Shared banknote' health warning to cocaine users |accessdate=2008-07-26 |author=Laureen Veevers |date=1 October 2006 |work=The Observer }}</ref>]]

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Drugs most often associated with this term include [[alcohol (drug)|alcohol]], [[Substituted amphetamine|amphetamines]], [[barbiturate]]s, [[benzodiazepine]]s, [[cannabis (drug)|cannabis]], [[cocaine]], [[hallucinogen]]s, [[methaqualone]], and [[opioids]]. The exact cause of substance abuse is sometimes clear, but there are two predominant theories: either a [[genetic predisposition]] or most times a habit learned or passed down from others, which, if [[addiction]] develops, manifests itself as a possible [[Chronic condition|chronic debilitating disease]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Addiction is a Chronic Disease|url=http://archives.drugabuse.gov/about/welcome/aboutdrugabuse/chronicdisease|access-date=2 July 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140624122314/http://archives.drugabuse.gov/about/welcome/aboutdrugabuse/chronicdisease/|archive-date=24 June 2014}}</ref> It is not easy to determine why a person misuses drugs, as there are multiple environmental factors to consider. These factors include not only inherited biological influences (genes), but there are also mental health stressors such as overall quality of life, physical or mental [[abuse]], luck and circumstance in life and early exposure to drugs that all play a huge factor in how people will respond to drug use.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Abuse |first=National Institute on Drug |date=2018-06-06 |title=Understanding Drug Use and Addiction DrugFacts {{!}} National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) |url=https://nida.nih.gov/publications/drugfacts/understanding-drug-use-addiction |access-date=2025-03-06 |website=nida.nih.gov |language=en}}</ref>

<!-- Epidemiology -->
In 2010, about 5% of adults (230 million) used an illicit substance.<ref name=UN2012/> Of these, 27 million have high-risk drug use—otherwise known as recurrent drug use—causing harm to their health, causing psychological problems, and or causing social problems that put them at risk of those dangers.<ref name="UN2012">{{Cite book |last=United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime |author-link=United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime |date=June 2012 |title=World Drug Report 2012 |url=https://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/WDR2012/WDR_2012_web_small.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220907100030/https://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/WDR2012/WDR_2012_web_small.pdf |archive-date=7 September 2022 |access-date=27 September 2016 |publisher=[[United Nations]] |isbn=978-92-1-148267-6}}</ref><ref name="EMC2016">{{Cite magazine |date=July 2014 |title=World Drug Report 2014 |issue=87 |url=http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/activities/hrdu |magazine=Drugnet Europe |publisher=[[European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction]] |page=4 |issn=0873-5379 |id=Catalogue Number TD-AA-14-003-EN-C |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004011950/https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/system/files/publications/809/DrugnetEurope_N87_weboptimised_478293.pdf |archive-date=4 October 2018}}</ref> In 2015, [[substance use disorder]]s resulted in 307,400 deaths, up from 165,000 deaths in 1990.<ref name=GBD2015/><ref name="GDB2013">{{Cite journal |last=GBD 2013 |date=17 December 2014 |title=Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. |journal=[[The Lancet]] |volume=385 |issue=9963 |pages=117–71 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2 |pmc=4340604 |pmid=25530442}}</ref> Of these, the highest numbers are from [[alcohol use disorders]] at 137,500, [[opioid use disorder]]s at 122,100 deaths, [[amphetamine use disorder]]s at 12,200 deaths, and [[cocaine use disorder]]s at 11,100.<ref name="GBD2015">{{Cite journal |last=GBD 2015 |date=8 October 2016 |title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. |journal=[[The Lancet]] |volume=388 |issue=10053 |pages=1459–1544 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1 |pmc=5388903 |pmid=27733281}}</ref>
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