Editing Sumatra (section)

{{Short description|Region and island in western Indonesia}}
{{Other uses}}
{{EngvarB|date=July 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox islands
|name           = Sumatra
|image_name     = Sumatra Topography.png
|image_caption  = Topography of Sumatra
| map_image     = LocationSumatra.svg
| map_caption   = Location of Sumatra within the Indonesian Archipelago
|native_name    =
|native_name_link =
|location      = [[Southeast Asia]]
|coordinates   = {{Coord|00|N|102|E|region:ID_type:isle_scale:5000000|display=inline,title}}
|archipelago   = [[Indonesian Archipelago]] 
----
[[Greater Sunda Islands]]
|area_km2      = 482286.55
|highest_mount = [[Mount Kerinci|Kerinci]]
|elevation_m   = 3,805
|population    = 60,795,669
|population_as_of = mid 2023 estimate
|country       = [[Indonesia]]
|country_admin_divisions_title = Provinces
|country_admin_divisions       = [[Aceh]]<br>[[North Sumatra]]<br>[[West Sumatra]]<br>[[Riau]]<br>[[Riau Islands]]<br>[[Jambi]]<br>[[Bengkulu]]<br>[[South Sumatra]]<br>[[Lampung]]<br>[[Bangka Belitung]]
|country_largest_city          = [[Medan]] (pop. 2,097,610)
|density_km2                   = 126
|ethnic_groups                 = [[Acehnese people|Acehnese]], [[Batak (Indonesia)|Batak]], [[Gayonese]], [[Lampung people|Lampung]], [[Malay Indonesian|Malay]], [[Mentawai people|Mentawai]], [[Minangkabau people|Minangkabau]], [[Nias people|Nias]], [[Palembang people|Palembang]], [[Rejang people|Rejang]], [[Chinese Indonesians|Chinese]], [[Indian Indonesians|Indian]], [[Javanese people|Javanese]], [[Sundanese people|Sundanese]] etc.
|timezone                      = [[Time in Indonesia|Indonesia Western Time]]|utc_offset=+7
}}

'''Sumatra'''{{efn|The ''[[Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia]]'' states that {{lang|id|Sumatra}} is the correct spelling in Indonesian;<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id/entri/sumatra|title=Hasil Pencarian – KBBI Daring|trans-title=Entry for "Sumatra" in the online version of the ''Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia''|language=id|publisher=[[Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology]]|website=kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id|access-date=16 July 2022|archive-date=5 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405214930/https://kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id/entri/sumatra|url-status=live}}</ref> however, it is popularly and legislatively spelled in Indonesian as {{lang|id|Sumatera}}.}} ({{IPAc-en|s|ʊ|ˈ|m|ɑː|t|r|ə}}) is one of the [[Sunda Islands]] of western [[Indonesia]]. It is the largest island that is fully within Indonesian territory, as well as the [[list of islands by area|sixth-largest island]] in the world at 482,286.55&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> (182,812&nbsp;mi.<sup>2</sup>), including adjacent islands such as the [[Simeulue Island|Simeulue]], [[Nias Island|Nias]], [[Mentawai Islands|Mentawai]], [[Enggano Island|Enggano]], [[Riau Islands]], [[Bangka Belitung]] and [[Krakatoa archipelago]].

Sumatra is an elongated landmass spanning a diagonal northwest–southeast axis. The [[Indian Ocean]] borders the northwest, west, and southwest coasts of Sumatra, with the island chain of [[Simeulue]], [[Nias]], [[Mentawai Islands|Mentawai]], and [[Enggano]] off the western coast. In the northeast, the narrow [[Strait of Malacca]] separates the island from the [[Malay Peninsula]], which is an extension of the [[Eurasia]]n continent. In the southeast, the narrow [[Sunda Strait]], containing the Krakatoa archipelago, separates Sumatra from [[Java]]. The northern tip of Sumatra is near the [[Andaman Islands]], while off the southeastern coast lie the islands of Bangka and Belitung, [[Karimata Strait]] and the [[Java Sea]]. The [[Bukit Barisan]] mountains, which contain several active volcanoes, form the backbone of the island, while the northeastern area contains large plains and lowlands with swamps, [[mangrove forest]] and complex river systems. The [[equator]] crosses the island at its centre in [[West Sumatra]] and [[Riau]] provinces. The climate of the island is [[tropical]], hot, and humid. Lush [[tropical rain forest]] once dominated the landscape.

Sumatra has a wide range of plant and animal species but has lost almost 50% of its tropical rainforest in the last 35 years.{{Clarify|of when otherwise time reference easily obsolete|date=March 2018}} Many species are now [[critically endangered]], such as the [[Sumatran ground cuckoo]], the [[Sumatran tiger]], the [[Sumatran elephant]], the [[Sumatran rhinoceros]], and the [[Sumatran orangutan]]. [[Deforestation]] on the island has also resulted in serious seasonal smoke haze over neighbouring countries, such as the [[2013 Southeast Asian haze]] which caused considerable tensions between Indonesia and affected countries [[Malaysia]] and [[Singapore]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Shadbolt |first=Peter |date=21 June 2013 |title=Singapore Chokes on Haze as Sumatran Forest Fires Rage |work=CNN |url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/06/19/world/asia/singapore-haze/index.html |url-status=live |access-date=7 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107033133/http://www.cnn.com/2013/06/19/world/asia/singapore-haze/index.html |archive-date=7 November 2017}}</ref> The widespread deforestation and other environmental destruction in Sumatra and other parts of Indonesia has often been described by academics as an [[ecocide]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Forensic Architecture |url=https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/ecocide-in-indonesia |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=forensic-architecture.org |archive-date=5 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705155440/https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/ecocide-in-indonesia |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last= |date=2022-08-04 |title=Explainer: What is ecocide? |url=https://www.eco-business.com/news/explainer-what-is-ecocide/ |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=Eco-Business |language=en |archive-date=17 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017232943/https://www.eco-business.com/news/explainer-what-is-ecocide/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Citation |last1=Aida |first1=Melly |title=Ecocide in the International Law: Integration Between Environmental Rights and International Crime and Its Implementation in Indonesia |date=2023 |work=Proceedings of the 3rd Universitas Lampung International Conference on Social Sciences (ULICoSS 2022) |volume=740 |pages=572–584 |editor-last=Perdana |editor-first=Ryzal |place=Paris |publisher=Atlantis Press SARL |language=en |doi=10.2991/978-2-38476-046-6_57 |isbn=978-2-38476-045-9 |last2=Tahar |first2=Abdul Muthalib |last3=Davey |first3=Orima |series=Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research |editor2-last=Putrawan |editor2-first=Gede Eka |editor3-last=Saputra |editor3-first=Bayu |editor4-last=Septiawan |editor4-first=Trio Yuda|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last1=Alberro |first1=Heather |last2=Daniele |first2=Luigi |date=2021-06-29 |title=Ecocide: why establishing a new international crime would be a step towards interspecies justice |url=http://theconversation.com/ecocide-why-establishing-a-new-international-crime-would-be-a-step-towards-interspecies-justice-162059 |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=The Conversation |language=en |archive-date=17 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717081618/https://theconversation.com/ecocide-why-establishing-a-new-international-crime-would-be-a-step-towards-interspecies-justice-162059 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Setiyono |first1=Joko |last2=Natalis |first2=Aga |date=2021-12-30 |title=Ecocides as a Serious Human Rights Violation: A Study on the Case of River Pollution by the Palm Oil Industry in Indonesia |journal=International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning |language=en |volume=16 |issue=8 |pages=1465–1471 |doi=10.18280/ijsdp.160807 |s2cid=245606762 |issn=1743-7601|doi-access=free }}</ref>