Editing TATA box (section)

{{Short description|DNA sequence}}
[[File:TATA_box_description.png|thumb|515x515px|'''Figure 1.''' TATA box structural elements. The TATA box consensus sequence is TATAWAW, where W is either A or T.]]
In [[molecular biology]], the '''TATA box''' (also called the '''Goldberg&ndash;Hogness box''')<ref name=":0">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lifton RP, Goldberg ML, Karp RW, Hogness DS | title = The organization of the histone genes in Drosophila melanogaster: functional and evolutionary implications | journal = Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology | volume = 42 | pages = 1047–51 | date = 1978 | pmid = 98262 | doi = 10.1101/sqb.1978.042.01.105 | issue=2}}</ref> is a [[DNA sequence|sequence]] of [[DNA]] found in the [[Promoter (genetics)|core promoter region]] of [[gene]]s in [[archaea]] and [[eukaryote]]s.<ref name=":11">{{cite journal | vauthors = Smale ST, Kadonaga JT | title = The RNA polymerase II core promoter | journal = Annual Review of Biochemistry | volume = 72 | pages = 449–79 | date = 2003 | pmid = 12651739 | doi = 10.1146/annurev.biochem.72.121801.161520 }}</ref> The [[bacteria]]l [[Homology (biology)|homolog]] of the TATA box is called the [[Pribnow box]] which has a shorter [[consensus sequence]].

The TATA box is considered a [[Noncoding DNA|non-coding DNA]] [[Nucleic acid sequence|sequence]] (also known as a [[cis-regulatory element]]). It was termed the "TATA box" as it contains a consensus sequence characterized by repeating T and A [[base pair]]s.<ref name=":4" /> How the term "box" originated is unclear. In the 1980s, while investigating [[Nucleic acid sequence|nucleotide sequences]] in [[mouse]] [[genome]] [[Locus (genetics)|loci]], the Hogness box sequence was found and "boxed in" at the -31 position.<ref name=":18">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ohshima Y, Okada N, Tani T, Itoh Y, Itoh M | title = Nucleotide sequences of mouse genomic loci including a gene or pseudogene for U6 (4.8S) nuclear RNA | journal = Nucleic Acids Research | volume = 9 | issue = 19 | pages = 5145–58 | date = October 1981 | pmid = 6171774 | doi = 10.1093/nar/9.19.5145 | pmc=327505}}</ref> When [[Consensus sequence|consensus]] [[nucleotide]]s and alternative ones were compared, homologous regions were "boxed" by the researchers.<ref name=":18" /> The boxing in of sequences sheds light on the origin of the term "box".

The TATA box was first identified in 1978<ref name=":0" />  as a component of eukaryotic promoters. [[Transcription (biology)|Transcription]] is initiated at the TATA box in TATA-containing genes. The TATA box is the binding site of the [[TATA-binding protein]] (TBP) and other [[transcription factor]]s in some eukaryotic genes. Gene transcription by RNA polymerase II depends on the regulation of the core promoter by long-range regulatory elements such as enhancers and silencers.<ref name=":16" /> Without proper regulation of transcription, eukaryotic organisms would not be able to properly respond to their environment.

Based on the sequence and mechanism of TATA box initiation, [[mutation]]s such as [[Insertion (genetics)|insertions]], [[Deletion (genetics)|deletions]], and [[point mutation]]s to this [[consensus sequence]] can result in [[Phenotype|phenotypic]] changes. These phenotypic changes can then turn into a [[disease]] phenotype. Some diseases associated with [[mutation]]s in the TATA box include [[Stomach cancer|gastric cancer]], [[spinocerebellar ataxia]], [[Huntington's disease]], [[Visual impairment|blindness]], [[Thalassemia|β-thalassemia]], [[immunosuppression]], [[Gilbert's syndrome]], and [[Subtypes of HIV|HIV-1]]. The TATA-binding protein (TBP) could also be targeted by [[virus]]es as a means of viral transcription.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mainz D, Quadt I, Stranzenbach AK, Voss D, Guarino LA, Knebel-Mörsdorf D | title = Expression and nuclear localization of the TATA-box-binding protein during baculovirus infection | journal = The Journal of General Virology | volume = 95 | issue = Pt 6 | pages = 1396–407 | date = June 2014 | pmid = 24676420 | doi = 10.1099/vir.0.059949-0 | s2cid = 33480957 | doi-access = free }}</ref>