Editing Teenage pregnancy (section)

{{short description|Childbirth in human females under the age of 20}}
{{Infobox medical condition (new)
| name          = Teenage pregnancy
| synonyms      = Teen pregnancy, adolescent pregnancy
| image         = Preventing Teen Pregnancy in the US-CDC Vital Signs-April 2011.pdf
| alt           =
| caption       = A US government poster on teen pregnancy. Over 1,100 teenagers, mostly aged 18 or 19,<ref name="Historic">{{cite journal |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db89.htm |title=Birth Rates for U.S. Teenagers Reach Historic Lows for All Age and Ethnic Groups |author1=Hamilton, Brady E. |author2=Ventura, Stephanie J. |journal=NCHS Data Brief |date=10 April 2012 |issue=89 |pages=1–8 |publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] |pmid=22617115 |access-date=18 April 2012}}</ref> give birth every day in the United States.
| pronounce     =
| field         = [[Obstetrics]]
| symptoms      = [[Pregnancy]] under the age of 20<ref name=WHO2004/>
| complications = {{hlist | [[Eclampsia]] | [[postpartum infection]] | [[preterm birth]]}}<ref name=WHO2018/>
| onset         =
| duration      =
| types         =
| causes        =
| risks         =
| diagnosis     =
| differential  =
| prevention    = {{hlist | [[Comprehensive sex education]] | [[birth control]]<ref name=Ori2016/> | [[Abstinence]] }}
| treatment     =
| medication    =
| prognosis     =
| frequency     = 23 million per year in the developed world, 2018.<ref name=WHO2018/>
| deaths        = Leading cause of death in 15 to 19 year old females, 2018.<ref name=WHO2018/>
}}

<!-- Definition -->
'''Teenage pregnancy''', also known as '''adolescent pregnancy''', is [[pregnancy]] in a female under the age of 20.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pietras |first1=Joanna |last2=Jarząbek-Bielecka |first2=Grażyna |last3=Mizgier |first3=Małgorzata |last4=Markowska |first4=Anna |title=Adolescent pregnancy – medical, legal and social issues |journal=[[The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine]] |date=2024 |volume=37 |issue=1 |doi=10.1080/14767058.2024.2391490 |doi-access=free|pmid=39183188 }}</ref>

Worldwide, pregnancy complications are the leading cause of death for women and girls 15 to 19 years old.<ref name="WHO2018">{{cite web |title=Adolescent pregnancy |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/adolescent-pregnancy |website=World Health Organization |access-date=2 November 2018 |date=23 February 2018}}</ref> The definition of teenage pregnancy includes those who are [[age of majority|legally considered adults]] in their country.<ref name="WHO2004">{{cite book|title=Adolescent Pregnancy|date=2004|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=978-9241591454|page=5|url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/42903/1/9241591455_eng.pdf|access-date=28 July 2017}}</ref> The [[World Health Organization]] defines ''adolescence'' as the period between the ages of 10 and 19 years.<ref name="WHO1">{{cite web |title=Adolescent health |url=https://www.who.int/health-topics/adolescent-health#tab=tab_1 |access-date=7 November 2022 |website=World Health Organization |language=en}}</ref> Pregnancy can occur with [[sexual intercourse]] after the start of [[ovulation]], which can happen before the [[Menarche|first menstrual period]] (''menarche'').<ref>{{cite web |last=Hirsch |first=Larissa |date=September 2016 |title=Can a Girl Get Pregnant if She Has Never Had Her Period? |url=http://kidshealth.org/teen/expert/periods/pre_period.html |website=[[KidsHealth]]}}</ref> In healthy, well-nourished girls, the first period usually takes place between the ages of 12 and 13.<ref>{{cite journal | pmc=8734600 | date=2022 | last1=Marques | first1=P. | last2=Madeira | first2=T. | last3=Gama | first3=A. | title=Menstrual cycle among adolescents: Girls' awareness and influence of age at menarche and overweight | journal=Revista Paulista de Pediatria | volume=40 | pages=e2020494 | doi=10.1590/1984-0462/2022/40/2020494 | pmid=35019010 }}</ref>

<!-- Health effects -->
Pregnant teenagers face many of the same pregnancy-related issues as older women.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nolen |first1=Stephanie |title=What Pregnancy and Childbirth Do to the Bodies of Young Girls |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/18/health/young-girls-pregnancy-childbirth.html |website=[[The New York Times]] |date=July 18, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jeha |first1=D. |last2=Usta |first2=I. |last3=Ghulmiyyah |first3=L. |last4=Nassar |first4=A. |title=A review of the risks and consequences of adolescent pregnancy |journal=Journal of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine |date=2015 |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.3233/NPM-15814038|pmid=25766198 }}</ref> Teenagers are more likely to experience pregnancy complications or [[maternal death]] than women aged 20 or older. There are additional concerns for those under the age of 15 as they are less likely to be physically developed to sustain a healthy pregnancy or to give birth.<ref name=savethechildren>{{cite journal | author = Mayor S |title = Pregnancy and childbirth are leading causes of death in teenage girls in developing countries | journal = BMJ | volume = 328 | issue = 7449 | pages = 1152 | year = 2004 | pmid = 15142897 | pmc = 411126 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.328.7449.1152-a }}</ref> For girls aged 15–19, risks are associated more with [[socioeconomic]] factors than with the biological effects of age.<ref name=makinson>{{cite journal | author = Makinson C | title = The health consequences of teenage fertility | journal = Family Planning Perspectives | volume = 17| issue = 3 | pages = 132–139 | year = 1985 | pmid = 2431924 | doi = 10.2307/2135024 | jstor = 2135024 }}</ref> Risks of [[low birth weight]], [[premature labor]], [[anemia]], and [[pre-eclampsia]] are not connected to [[biological age]] by the time a girl is aged 16, as they are not observed in births to older teens after controlling for other risk factors, such as access to high-quality [[prenatal care]].<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Loto OM, Ezechi OC, Kalu BK, Loto A, Ezechi L, Ogunniyi SO | title = Poor obstetric performance of teenagers: Is it age- or quality of care-related? | journal = Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology | volume = 24 | issue = 4 | pages = 395–398 | year = 2004 | pmid = 15203579 | doi = 10.1080/01443610410001685529 | s2cid = 43808921 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Raatikainen |first1=Kaisa |last2=Heiskanen |first2=Nonna |last3=Verkasalo |first3=Pia K. |last4=Heinonen |first4=Seppo |date=1 April 2006 |title=Good outcome of teenage pregnancies in high-quality maternity care |url=http://academic.oup.com/eurpub/article/16/2/157/505752/Good-outcome-of-teenage-pregnancies-in-highquality |journal=European Journal of Public Health |language=en |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=157–161 |doi=10.1093/eurpub/cki158 |pmid=16141302 |issn=1464-360X|doi-access=free }}</ref>

<!-- Risk factors and prevention -->
Teenage pregnancies are related to [[social issues]], including lower [[educational]] levels and [[poverty]].<ref name=WHO2018/> Teenage pregnancy in developed countries is usually outside of [[marriage]] and is often associated with a [[social stigma]].<ref name="bbc.co.uk">{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/26326035|title=Young mothers face stigma and abuse, say charities|work=BBC News|date=25 February 2014}}</ref> Teenage pregnancy in developing countries often occurs within marriage and approximately half are planned.<ref name=WHO2018/> However, in these societies, early pregnancy may combine with [[malnutrition]] and poor health care to cause medical problems. When used in combination, [[Comprehensive sex education|educational interventions]] and access to [[birth control]] can reduce unintended teenage pregnancies.<ref name=Ori2016>{{cite journal|last1=Oringanje|first1=Chioma|last2=Meremikwu|first2=Martin M|last3=Eko|first3=Hokehe|last4=Esu|first4=Ekpereonne|last5=Meremikwu|first5=Anne|last6=Ehiri|first6=John E|title=Interventions for preventing unintended pregnancies among adolescents|journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=2016|pages=CD005215|date=3 February 2016|issue=2|doi=10.1002/14651858.cd005215.pub3|pmid=26839116|pmc=8730506|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0026/002607/260770e.pdf|title=International technical guidance on sexuality education: An evidence-informed approach|publisher=UNESCO|year=2018|isbn=978-92-3-100259-5|location=Paris|pages=18}}</ref>

<!-- Epidemiology -->
In 2023, globally, about 41 females per 1,000 gave birth between the ages of 15 and 19, compared with roughly 65 births per 1,000 in 2000.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adolescent pregnancy |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/adolescent-pregnancy |access-date=13 September 2023 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> From 2015 to 2021, an estimated 14 percent of adolescent girls and young women globally reported giving birth before age 18.<ref name="UNICEF2022">{{cite web|url=https://data.unicef.org/topic/child-health/adolescent-health/ |title=Early childbearing can have severe consequences for adolescent girls|publisher=[[UNICEF]]|date=December 2022}}</ref> The adolescent birth rate is higher in lower- and middle-income countries (LMIC), compared to higher- income countries. In the developing world, approximately 2.5 million females aged 15 to 19 years old have children each year.<ref name=WHO2018/> Another 3.9 million have [[abortion]]s.<ref name=WHO2018/> It is more common in rural than urban areas.<ref name=WHO2018/>

In 2021, 13.3 million babies, or about 10 percent of the total worldwide, were born to mothers under 20 years old.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/sites/www.un.org.development.desa.pd/files/wpp2022_summary_of_results.pdf|title=World Population Prospects 2022. Summary of Results|location=New York|author=[[United Nations]]. Department of Economic and Social Affairs}}</ref>

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