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Terry stop
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{{Short description|Brief detainment by police in the United States}} {{use mdy dates|date=July 2023}} {{Police Investigative Stops}} A '''''Terry'' stop''' in the United States allows the police to briefly [[Detention (imprisonment)|detain]] a person based on [[reasonable suspicion]] of involvement in criminal activity.<ref name=terry>{{cite web |title=''Terry v. Ohio'', 392 US 1, 88 S. Ct. 1868, 20 L. Ed. 2d 889 (1968) |url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=17773604035873288886 |website=Google Scholar |access-date=September 11, 2019}}</ref><ref name=sokolow>{{cite web |title=''United States v. Sokolow'', 490 US 1, 109 S. Ct. 1581, 104 L. Ed. 2d 1 (1989) |url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=1799203374017461902 |website=Google Scholar |access-date=September 11, 2019}} ("In ''Terry v. Ohio'', 392 U. S. 1, 30 (1968), we held that the police can stop and briefly detain a person for investigative purposes if the officer has a reasonable suspicion supported by articulable facts that criminal activity "may be afoot," even if the officer lacks probable cause.")</ref> Reasonable suspicion is a lower standard than [[probable cause]] which is needed for [[arrest]]. When police stop and search a pedestrian, this is commonly known as a '''stop and frisk'''. When police stop an automobile, this is known as a [[traffic stop]]. If the police stop a motor vehicle on minor infringements in order to investigate other suspected criminal activity, this is known as a '''pretextual stop'''. Additional rules apply to stops that occur on a bus.<ref>{{cite web |title=Motions to Suppress in Removal Proceedings |url=https://www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/sites/default/files/practice_advisory/motions_to_suppress_in_removal_proceedings_fighting_back_against_unlawful_conduct_by_customs_and_border_protection.pdf |website=American Immigration Council |access-date=November 13, 2018 |date=August 1, 2017}}, page 8 (Bus and Train Sweeps)</ref> In the United States at the federal level, the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] has decided many cases that define the intersection between policing and the [[Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Fourth Amendment]] protection against unreasonable searches and seizures. However, [[United States Congress|Congress]] has not defined a baseline for police behavior. There has been some state action at both the legislative and judicial levels, and also some cities have passed laws on these issues.<ref>{{cite AV media | people=Barry Friedman, Tracey Meares, and Charles H. Ramsey, moderated by Jeffrey Rosen. | title=A Discussion on Privacy and Policing at the National Constitution Center | medium=Video | location=Philadelphia, PA | publisher=National Constitution Center |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j8gZRCfwkvM |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/j8gZRCfwkvM| archive-date=2021-12-12 |url-status=live}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gorman |first1=Michael J. |title=Survey: State Search and Seizure Analogs |journal=Mississippi Law Journal |date=2007 |volume=77 |url=https://olemiss.edu/depts/ncjrl/pdf/09%20Gorman%202007.pdf}}</ref> Some law academics are concerned that jurisprudence permitting ''Terry'' stops does not account for possible [[implicit bias]] of officers, and that this possibly results in [[racism in the United States|racially skewed]] decision-making.<ref name=":16">{{Cite web|last=Hutchins|first=Renee|date=2013|title=Stop Terry: Reasonable Suspicion, Race, and a Proposal to Limit Terry Stops|url=https://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2405&context=fac_pubs|website=Digital Commons}}</ref> Communities that have high rates of incarceration may experience more intense and punitive policing and surveillance practices even during periods of time when general crime rates are decreasing.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Pettit|first1=Becky|last2=Gutierrez|first2=Carmen|date=May 2018|title=Mass Incarceration and Racial Inequality|journal=American Journal of Economics and Sociology|language=en|volume=77|issue=3β4|pages=1153β1182|doi=10.1111/ajes.12241|pmid=36213171 |pmc=9540942 }}</ref> {{TOC level|2}}
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