Editing Tevatron (section)

{{short description|Defunct American particle accelerator at Fermilab in Illinois (1983–2011)}}

{{Infobox particle accelerator
| name           = Tevatron
| image          = Fermilab.jpg
| caption        = The Tevatron (background) and ''Main Injector'' rings
| type           = [[synchrotron]]
| beam           = [[proton]], [[antiproton]]
| target         = [[collider]]
| energy         = 1 TeV
| current        = 
| brightness     =
| luminosity     = {{val|4e32|up=cm<sup>2</sup>⋅s}}
| length         =
| radius         =
| circumference  = {{convert|6.28|km|m}}
| location       = [[Batavia, Illinois]]
| coordinates    = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LON|type:landmark|display=inline,title}} -->
| institution    = [[Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory|Fermilab]]
| dates          = 1983–2011
| preceded       =
| succeeded      = 
}}

{{Beyond the Standard Model|expanded=Experiments}}
The '''Tevatron''' was a circular [[particle accelerator]] (active until 2011) in the [[United States]], at the [[Fermilab|Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory]] (called ''Fermilab''), east of [[Batavia, Illinois]], and was the highest energy particle collider until the [[Large Hadron Collider]] (LHC) of the [[CERN|European Organization for Nuclear Research]] (CERN) was built near [[Geneva, Switzerland]]. The Tevatron was a [[synchrotron]] that accelerated [[proton]]s and [[antiproton]]s in a {{convert|6.28|km|mi|abbr=on}} circumference ring to energies of up to 1 [[TeV]], hence its name.<ref name="Fermilab History">{{cite web|url=http://history.fnal.gov/main_ring.html#start|title=Accelerator History—Main Ring|access-date=7 October 2012|publisher=Fermilab History and Archives Project|archive-date=9 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509085138/http://history.fnal.gov/main_ring.html#start|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="TheTev">
{{Cite journal
| author=R. R. Wilson
| author-link = Robert R. Wilson
| year = 1978
| title = The Tevatron
| url = http://lss.fnal.gov/archive/test-tm/0000/fermilab-tm-0763.shtml
| publisher = [[Fermilab]]
| id = FERMILAB-TM-0763
}}</ref> The Tevatron was completed in 1983 at a cost of $120 million and significant upgrade investments were made during its active years of 1983–2011.

The main achievement of the Tevatron was the discovery in 1995 of the [[top quark]]—the last [[Elementary particle#Fundamental fermions|fundamental fermion]] predicted by the [[Standard Model]] of particle physics. On July 2, 2012, scientists of the [[Collider Detector at Fermilab|CDF]] and [[D0 experiment|DØ]] collider experiment teams at [[Fermilab]] announced the findings from the analysis of around 500 trillion collisions produced from the Tevatron collider since 2001, and found that the existence of the suspected [[Higgs boson]] was highly likely with a confidence of 99.8%,<ref name="FNAL Higgs boson results"/> later improved to over 99.9%.<ref>
{{cite web
  |title       = Tevatron experiments observe evidence for Higgs-like particle
  |url         = https://cerncourier.com/a/tevatron-experiments-observe-evidence-for-higgs-like-particle/
  |date        = 23 August 2012
  |publisher   = CERN
  |access-date = 21 April 2021
}}</ref>

The Tevatron ceased operations on 30 September 2011, due to budget cuts<ref name=sciam2011>{{cite news|url=http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=future-of-top-us-particle|title=Future of Top U.S. Particle Physics Lab in Jeopardy|date=29 September 2011|access-date=7 October 2012|work=Scientific American|author=Mark Alpert}}</ref> and because of the completion of the LHC,  which began operations in early 2010 and is far more powerful (planned energies were two 7 TeV beams at the LHC compared to 1 TeV at the Tevatron). The main ring of the Tevatron will probably be reused in future experiments, and its components may be transferred to other particle accelerators.<ref>
{{cite magazine|url= https://www.symmetrymagazine.org/article/february-2012/the-tevatrons-proud-legacy
  |title=The Tevatron's proud legacy
  |date=2012-02-01
  |first=Rhianna|last=Wisniewski
  |magazine=Symmetry Magazine
  |publisher=Fermilab/SLAC
}}</ref>