Editing Title IX (section)

{{Short description|US federal law prohibiting sex discrimination}}
{{About||intervention of the U.S. Attorney General in civil rights cases|Title IX of the Civil Rights Act of 1964|the section of the U.S. Code that deals with arbitration|Title 9 of the United States Code}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox U.S. legislation
| shorttitle        = Title IX
| othershorttitles  =
| longtitle         = An Act to amend the Higher Education Act of 1965, the Vocational Education Act of 1963, the General Education Provisions Act (creating a National Foundation for Postsecondary Education and a National Institute of Education), the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965, Public Law 874, Eighty-first Congress, and related Acts, and for other purposes.
| colloquialacronym =
| nickname          = Education Amendments of 1972
| enacted by        = 92nd
| effective date    = June 23, 1972
| public law url    = http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-86/pdf/STATUTE-86-Pg235.pdf
| cite public law   = 92-318
| cite statutes at large = {{usstat|86|235}}
| acts amended    = {{unbulleted list|[[Higher Education Act of 1965]]|[[Vocational Education Act of 1963]]|[[General Education Provisions Act]]|[[Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965]]}}
| acts repealed   =
| title amended   = [[Title 20 of the United States Code|20 U.S.C.: Education]]
| sections created = {{Usc-title-chap|20|38}} § 1681 et seq.
| sections amended =
| leghisturl      =
| introducedin    = Senate
| introducedbill  = {{USbill|92|S.|659}}
| introducedby    = [[Birch Bayh]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]–[[Indiana|IN]])
| introduceddate  = February 28, 1972
| committees      = [[United States House Education Subcommittee on Higher Education and Workforce Training|House Subcommittee on Higher Education]]
| passedbody1     = Senate
| passeddate1     = March 1, 1972
| passedvote1     = [http://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/92-1972/s496 88–6]
| passedbody2     = House
| passedas2       = <!-- used if the second body changes the name of the legislation -->
| passeddate2     = May 11, 1972
| passedvote2     = [http://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/92-1972/h414 275–125]
| conferencedate  = May 24, 1972
| passedbody3     = Senate
| passeddate3     = May 24, 1972
| passedvote3     = [http://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/92-1972/s589 63–15]
| agreedbody3     = <!-- used when the other body agrees without going into committee -->
| agreeddate3     = <!-- used when the other body agrees without going into committee -->
| agreedvote3     = <!-- used when the other body agrees without going into committee -->
| agreedbody4     = <!-- used if agreedbody3 further amends legislation -->
| agreeddate4     = <!-- used if agreedbody3 further amends legislation -->
| agreedvote4     = <!-- used if agreedbody3 further amends legislation -->
| passedbody4     = House
| passeddate4     = June 8, 1973
| passedvote4     = [http://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/92-1972/h451 218–180]
| signedpresident = [[Richard Nixon]]
| signeddate      = June 23, 1972
| unsignedpresident = <!-- used when passed without presidential signing -->
| unsigneddate    = <!-- used when passed without presidential signing -->
| vetoedpresident = <!-- used when passed by overriding presidential veto -->
| vetoeddate      = <!-- used when passed by overriding presidential veto -->
| overriddenbody1 = <!-- used when passed by overriding presidential veto -->
| overriddendate1 = <!-- used when passed by overriding presidential veto -->
| overriddenvote1 = <!-- used when passed by overriding presidential veto -->
| overriddenbody2 = <!-- used when passed by overriding presidential veto -->
| overriddendate2 = <!-- used when passed by overriding presidential veto -->
| overriddenvote2 = <!-- used when passed by overriding presidential veto -->
| amendments      =
| SCOTUS cases    = {{ubl|''[[Cannon v. University of Chicago]]'', {{ussc|441|677|1979}}|''[[North Haven Bd. of Ed. v. Bell]]'', {{ussc|456|512|1982}}|''[[Mississippi University for Women v. Hogan]]'', {{ussc|458|718|1982}}|''[[Iron Arrow Honor Soc. v. Heckler]]'', {{ussc|464|67|1983}}|''[[Grove City College v. Bell]]'', {{ussc|465|555|1984}}|''[[Franklin v. Gwinnett County Public Schools]]'', {{ussc|503|60|1992}}|''[[Gebser v. Lago Vista Independent School District]]'', {{ussc|524|274|1998}}|''[[NCAA v. Smith]]'', {{ussc|525|459|1999}}|''[[Davis v. Monroe County Board of Education]]'', {{ussc|526|629|1999}}|''[[Jackson v. Birmingham Board of Education]]'', {{ussc|544|167|2005}}|''[[Fitzgerald v. Barnstable School Committee]]'', {{ussc|555|246|2009}}}}
}}
{{Education in the U.S.}}

'''Title&nbsp;IX''' is a landmark federal civil rights law in the [[United States]] that was enacted as part (Title IX) of the [[Education Amendments of 1972]]. It prohibits sex-based discrimination in any school or any other education program that receives funding from the [[Federal government of the United States|federal government]]. This is Public Law No. 92‑318, 86 Stat. 235 (June 23, 1972), codified at [[Title 20 of the United States Code|20 U.S.C.]] §§ 1681–1688.

Senator [[Birch Bayh]] wrote the 37 opening words of Title IX.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hunsinger Benbow |first1=Dana |title=Sen. Birch Bayh, in tears: 'I had no idea that Title IX would have this kind of impact' |url=https://www.indystar.com/story/sports/2019/03/14/sen-birch-bayh-tears-i-had-no-idea-title-ix-would-have-impact/3161553002/ |access-date=20 June 2022 |work=IndyStar |date=14 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Arvidson |first1=Cheryl |title=Senate ERA author fights sports bill |url=https://www.proquest.com/ |access-date=20 June 2022 |work=Chicago Defender |date=20 Sep 1975|via=ProQuest }}</ref> Bayh first introduced an amendment to the Higher Education Act to ban discrimination on the basis of sex on August 6, 1971, and again on February 28, 1972, when it passed the Senate.  Representative [[Edith Green]], chair of the Subcommittee on Education, had held hearings on discrimination against women, and introduced legislation in the House on May 11, 1972. The full Congress passed Title IX on June 8, 1972.<ref>{{cite web |title=Title IX: Legislative History |url=https://www.justice.gov/crt/title-ix#II.%C2%A0%C2%A0%20Synopsis%20of%20Purpose%20of%20Title%20IX,%20Legislative%20History,%20and%20Regulations |website=Civil Rights Division |date=August 6, 2015 |publisher=U.S. Department of Justice |access-date=20 June 2022}}</ref> Representative [[Patsy Mink]] emerged in the House to lead efforts to protect Title IX against attempts to weaken it, and it was later renamed the '''Patsy T. Mink Equal Opportunity in Education Act''' following Mink's death in 2002.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/107th-congress/house-joint-resolution/113|title=H.J. Res. 113 – 107th Congress (2001–2002): Recognizing the contributions of Patsy Takemoto Mink.|last=Miller|first=George|date=October 29, 2002|website=www.congress.gov|access-date=March 30, 2020}}</ref> When Title IX was passed in 1972, 42 percent of the students enrolled in American colleges were female.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Melnick |first=R. Shep |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7864/j.ctt1vw0rgc |title=The Transformation of Title IX: Regulating Gender Equality in Education |publisher=Brookings Institution Press |year=2018 |isbn=978-0-8157-3222-8 |publication-date=2018 |pages=3 |language=en |chapter=ONE Rights Regulation |jstor=10.7864/j.ctt1vw0rgc |quote=In 1972, 58 percent of college students were male and 42 percent female. By 2010 those numbers had flipped: 57 percent of college students were women, and that number keeps creeping up.}}</ref>

The purpose of Title IX of the Educational Amendments of 1972 was to update [[Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964]], which banned several forms of discrimination in employment, but did not address or mention discrimination in education.