Editing Transient ischemic attack (section)

{{Short description|Medical condition; minor form of stroke}}
{{redirect|TIA}}
{{Infobox medical condition (new)
| name          = Transient ischemic attack
| synonyms      = Mini-stroke, mild stroke
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| field         = [[Neurology]], [[Vascular surgery]]
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| prognosis     = Survival rate 91% (to hospital discharge) <br> 67.2% (five years)<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gattellari M, Goumas C, Garden F, Worthington JM | title = Relative survival after transient ischaemic attack: results from the Program of Research Informing Stroke Management (PRISM) study | journal = Stroke | volume = 43 | issue = 1 | pages = 79–85 | date = January 2012 | pmid = 22076008 | doi = 10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.636233 | s2cid = 16722015 | doi-access = free }}

*{{lay source |template=cite web|vauthors = ((American Heart Association)) |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/11/111110191946.htm |title= Effects of 'mini stroke' can shorten life expectancy|date= November 11, 2011 |website= ScienceDaily }}</ref>
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A '''transient ischemic attack''' ('''TIA'''), commonly known as a '''mini-stroke''', is a temporary (transient) [[stroke]] with noticeable symptoms that end within 24 hours. A TIA causes the same [[Symptoms of stroke|symptoms associated with a stroke]], such as [[hemiplegia|weakness or numbness on one side of the body]], [[amaurosis fugax|sudden dimming or loss of vision]], [[aphasia|difficulty speaking or understanding language]] or [[dysarthria|slurred speech]].

All forms of stroke, including a TIA, result from a disruption in blood flow to the [[central nervous system]].  A TIA is caused by a temporary disruption in [[cerebral blood flow|blood flow to the brain, or cerebral blood flow]] (CBF).  The primary difference between a major stroke and the TIA's minor stroke is how much tissue death ([[infarct]]ion) can be detected afterwards through [[medical imaging]]. While a TIA must by definition be associated with symptoms, strokes can also be [[asymptomatic]] or silent. In a [[silent stroke]], also known as a ''silent cerebral infarct'' (SCI), there is permanent infarction detectable on imaging, but there are no immediately observable symptoms. The same person can have major strokes, minor strokes, and silent strokes, in any order.<ref>{{cite journal |author7=VISION Study Group |vauthors=Coutts SB, Hill MD, Simon JE, Sohn CH, Scott JN, Demchuk AM |date=August 2005 |title=Silent ischemia in minor stroke and TIA patients identified on MR imaging |journal=Neurology |volume=65 |issue=4 |pages=513–517 |doi=10.1212/01.wnl.0000169031.39264.ff |pmid=16116107 |s2cid=24762370}}</ref>

The occurrence of a TIA is a risk factor for having a major stroke, and many people with TIA have a major stroke within 48 hours of the TIA.<ref name="pmid19423857">{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Easton JD, Saver JL, Albers GW, Alberts MJ, Chaturvedi S, Feldmann E, Hatsukami TS, Higashida RT, Johnston SC, Kidwell CS, Lutsep HL, Miller E, Sacco RL |date=June 2009 |title=Definition and evaluation of transient ischemic attack: a scientific statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council; Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia; Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention; Council on Cardiovascular Nursing; and the Interdisciplinary Council on Peripheral Vascular Disease. The American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this statement as an educational tool for neurologists |journal=Stroke |volume=40 |issue=6 |pages=2276–2293 |doi=10.1161/STROKEAHA.108.192218 |pmid=19423857 |doi-access=free |author18=Council on Cardiovascular Nursing |author19=Interdisciplinary Council on Peripheral Vascular Disease |author16=Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia |author17=Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention |author14=American Heart Association |author15=American Stroke Association Stroke Council}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ferro JM, Falcão I, Rodrigues G, Canhão P, Melo TP, Oliveira V, Pinto AN, Crespo M, Salgado AV | display-authors = 6 | title = Diagnosis of transient ischemic attack by the nonneurologist. A validation study | journal = Stroke | volume = 27 | issue = 12 | pages = 2225–2229 | date = December 1996 | pmid = 8969785 | doi = 10.1161/01.str.27.12.2225 }}</ref> All forms of stroke are associated with increased risk of death or [[disability]]. Recognition that a TIA has occurred is an opportunity to start treatment, including [[medications]] and lifestyle changes, to prevent future strokes.