Editing Transphobia (section)

{{Short description|Anti-transgender prejudice}}
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
[[File:Scritte Naziste Roma 28-07-07 1746.jpg|thumb|Transphobic graffiti in [[Rome|Rome, Italy]]. It says "trans out" in German, with a [[swastika]] drawn above it.]]
{{Transgender sidebar|expanded=rights}}{{LGBTQ sidebar|expanded=issues}}{{Discrimination sidebar|expand-social=yes}}

'''Transphobia''' consists of negative attitudes, feelings, or actions towards [[transgender]] or [[transsexual]] people, or [[wikt:transness|transness]] in general. Transphobia can include fear, aversion, hatred, violence or anger towards people who do not conform to social [[gender roles]].<ref>{{Cite book|title = Hate Crime: Impact, Causes and Responses|url = https://archive.org/details/hatecrimeimpactc00neil|url-access = limited|last1 = Chakraborti |first1 = Neil |last2 = Garland |first2 = Jon |publisher = SAGE Publications, Ltd.|year = 2009|isbn = 978-1412945684|pages = [https://archive.org/details/hatecrimeimpactc00neil/page/n199 77]}}</ref><ref name="Handbook of">{{Cite book|title = Handbook of Gender Research in Psychology, Volume 2|last1 = Chrisler |first1 = Donald R. |last2 = McCreary |first2 = Joan C.|publisher = Springer|year = 2010|isbn = 978-1441913555|pages = 366}}</ref> Transphobia is a type of [[prejudice]] and [[discrimination]], similar to [[racism]], [[sexism]], or [[ableism]],<ref>Judith A. Lewis, Michael D. Lewis, Judy A. Daniels, ''Community Counseling: A Multicultural-Social Justice Perspective'' (2010, {{ISBN|113317003X}})</ref> and it is closely associated with [[homophobia]].<ref name="Adams">{{cite book |author1=Maurianne Adams |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zgGUAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA198 |title=Teaching for Diversity and Social Justice |author2=Lee Anne Bell |author3=Pat Griffin |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2007 |isbn=978-1135928506 |pages=198–199 |quote=Because of the complicated interplay among gender identity, gender roles, and sexual identity, transgender people are often assumed to be lesbian or gay (See ''Overview: Sexism, Heterosexism, and Transgender Oppression''). ... Because transgender identity challenges a binary conception of sexuality and gender, educators must clarify their own understanding of these concepts. ... Facilitators must be able to help participants understand the connections among sexism, heterosexism, and transgender oppression and the ways in which gender roles are maintained, in part, through homophobia. |access-date=27 December 2014}}</ref><ref name="Spijkerboer">{{cite book |author=Thomas Spijkerboer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oOxBtViD0KcC&pg=PA122 |title=Fleeing Homophobia: Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Asylum |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2013 |isbn=978-1134098354 |page=122 |quote=Transgender people subjected to violence, in a range of cultural contexts, frequently report that transphobic violence is expressed in homophobic terms. The tendency to translate violence against a trans person to homophobia reflects the role of gender in attribution of homosexuality as well as the fact that hostility connected to homosexuality is often associated with the perpetrators' prejudices about particular gender practices and their visibility. |access-date=27 December 2014}}</ref>  [[People of color]] who are transgender experience [[Intersectionality|discrimination above and beyond]] that which can be explained as a simple combination of transphobia and racism.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Meyer |first=Doug |title=Violence Against Queer People: Race, Class, Gender, and the Persistence of Anti-LGBT Discrimination |date=11 October 2015 |publisher=Rutgers University Press |isbn=9780813573182 |pages=14–15 |location=New Brunswick, New Jersey |oclc=945735923}}</ref>

[[Transgender youth]] often experience a combination of [[Child abuse|abuse from family members]], [[sexual harassment]], and [[school bullying|bullying or school violence]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=GLSEN |date=October 2022 |title=The 2021 National School Climate Survey: The Experiences of LGBTQ+ Youth in Our Nation's Schools |url=https://www.glsen.org/sites/default/files/2022-10/NSCS-2021-Executive_Summary-EN.pdf}}</ref> They are also disproportionately placed in [[foster care]] and [[welfare program]]s compared to their peers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=LGBTQ+ Youth {{!}} Los Angeles County Department of Children and Family Services |url=https://dcfs.lacounty.gov/youth/lgbtq-youth/ |access-date=22 October 2023 |website=dcfs.lacounty.gov}}</ref> Adult transgender people regularly encounter [[sexual violence]], [[police violence]], public [[ridicule]], misgendering, or other forms of violence and harassment in their daily lives.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://egale.ca/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/what_constitutes_final.pdf |title=What Constitutes Transphobic and Cisnormative Bullying and Harassment |publisher=[[Egale Canada]] |date=November 2019 |access-date=12 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912213608/https://egale.ca/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/what_constitutes_final.pdf |archive-date=12 September 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> These issues cause many trans people to feel unsafe in public.  Other issues include [[Transgender rights in the United States#Healthcare|healthcare discrimination]], [[Transgender rights in the United States#Discrimination|workplace discrimination]] or feeling under siege by [[conservative]] political or religious groups who [[LGBT rights opposition|oppose LGBT-rights laws]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Astor |first=Maggie |date=10 December 2022 |title=Transgender Americans Feel Under Siege as Political Vitriol Rises |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/10/us/politics/anti-transgender-lgbtq-threats-attacks.html |access-date=22 October 2023 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Discrimination and violence sometimes originates from people within [[LGBT social movements|the LGBT community]]<ref name="weiss2004" /> or [[TERF|feminist movements]].

As well as increased risk of violence and other threats, the [[Stress (psychological)|stress]] created by transphobia causes negative mental health outcomes and leads to [[substance use disorder|drug use disorders]], [[Runaway (dependent)|running away from home]] (in minors), and suicide.

In much of the [[Western world]], there has been a gradual establishment of policies combatting discrimination and supporting equal opportunity in all aspects of life since the 1990s. The trend is also taking shape in some [[developing nation]]s. In addition, campaigns regarding the LGBT community are being spread around the world to improve social acceptance of nontraditional gender identities. The "Stop the Stigma" campaign by the UN is one such example.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Discrimination/LGBT_discrimination.pdf|title=Tackling Discrimination on Grounds of Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity}}</ref> However, transphobic violence [[2020s anti-LGBTQ movement in the United States|has been on the rise since 2021]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Williamson |first=Harriet |date=9 September 2023 |title=Transphobia is on the rise – and the press is to blame |url=https://www.thepinknews.com/2023/09/09/transphobia-uk-press-media-negative-coverage/ |access-date=22 October 2023 |website=PinkNews |language=en-US}}</ref> accompanied with an increase in anti-trans discriminatory laws being enacted in many parts of the US and other countries.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Evdokimova |first=Tamara |date=10 July 2023 |title=The global rise of anti-trans legislation |url=https://www.codastory.com/waronscience/lgbtq-trans-rights-2023/ |access-date=22 October 2023 |website=Coda Story |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=2023 Anti-Trans Bills: Trans Legislation Tracker |url=https://translegislation.com/ |access-date=22 October 2023 |website=translegislation.com |language=en}}</ref>