Editing Trial and error (section)

{{Short description|Method of problem-solving}}
{{Other uses}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2008}}

'''Trial and error''' is a fundamental method of [[problem-solving]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Campbell |first1=Donald T. |title=Blind variation and selective retention in creative thoughts as in other knowledge processes |journal=Psychological Review |date=November 1960 |volume=67 |issue=6 |pages=380–400 |doi=10.1037/h0040373 |pmid=13690223 |ref=Campbell}}</ref> characterized by repeated, varied attempts which are continued until success,<ref>Concise Oxford Dictionary p1489</ref> or until the practicer stops trying.

According to [[W.H. Thorpe]], the term was [[neologism|devised]] by [[C. Lloyd Morgan]] (1852–1936) after trying out similar phrases "trial and failure" and "trial and practice".<ref>Thorpe W.H. The origins and rise of ethology. Hutchinson, London & Praeger, New York. p26. {{ISBN|978-0-03-053251-1}}</ref> Under [[Morgan's Canon]], [[ethology|animal behaviour]] should be explained in the simplest possible way. Where behavior seems to imply higher mental processes, it might be explained by trial-and-error learning. An example is a skillful way in which his terrier Tony opened the garden gate, easily misunderstood as an insightful act by someone seeing the final behavior. Lloyd Morgan, however, had watched and recorded the series of approximations by which the dog had gradually learned the response, and could demonstrate that no insight was required to explain it.

[[Edward Lee Thorndike]] was the initiator of the theory of trial and error learning based on the findings he showed how to manage a trial-and-error experiment in the laboratory. In his famous experiment, a cat was placed in a series of puzzle boxes in order to study the [[law of effect]] in learning.<ref>Thorndike E.L. 1898. Animal intelligence: an experimental study of the association processes in animals. ''Psychological Monographs'' #8.</ref> He plotted to learn curves which recorded the timing for each trial. Thorndike's key observation was that learning was promoted by positive results, which was later refined and extended by [[B. F. Skinner]]'s [[operant conditioning]].{{cn|date=November 2024}}

Trial and error is also a method of problem solving, [[repair]], tuning, or obtaining [[knowledge]]. In the field of [[computer science]], the method is called '''generate and test ([[Brute-force search|brute force]])'''. In [[elementary algebra]], when solving equations, it is called '''guess and check'''.{{cn|date=November 2024}}

This approach can be seen as one of the two basic approaches to problem-solving, contrasted with an approach using [[insight]] and [[theory]]. However, there are intermediate methods that, for example, use theory to guide the method, an approach known as ''guided empiricism''.{{cn|date=November 2024}}

This way of thinking has become a mainstay of [[Karl Popper]]'s [[critical rationalism]].{{cb|date=November 2024}}