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Troy
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{{short description|Ancient Homeric-era city in northwest Asia Minor}} {{Other uses}} {{Use British English|date=December 2022}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}} {{Infobox ancient site | name = '''Troy''' | native_name = {{lang|hit|{{cuneiform|ana|𒌷𒃾𒇻𒊭}} <br/> {{lang|grc|Ἴλιον}}}} ({{transliteration|hit|[[Wiluša]]}}) | alternate_name = | image = {{Photomontage|position= | photo1a = Walls of Troy (2).jpg | photo2a = | size = 250 | spacing = 2 | color = #FFFFFF | border = 0 | foot_montage = }} | caption = Walls of [[Late Bronze Age Troy]]{{pb}} | map_type = Turkey Marmara#Turkey#Greece | map_alt = | map_size = 280 | relief = yes | coordinates = {{coord |39|57|27|N|26|14|20|E|display=inline,title}} | location = Hisarlık, [[Çanakkale Province]], [[Turkey]] | region = [[Troad]] | type = | part_of = Historical National Park of Troia | length = | width = | builder = | built = | abandoned = | epochs = | cultures = | dependency_of = | occupants = | event = | excavations = | archaeologists = [[Frank Calvert]], [[Heinrich Schliemann]] [https://www.livescience.com/38191-ancient-troy.html#:~:text=Troy%20was%20abandoned%20around%201000,the%20reoccupied%20city%20%22Ilion.%22] | condition = | ownership = | management = | public_access = | website = https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/849/ | notes = | designation1_type = Cultural | designation1_date = 1998 (22nd session) | designation1_number = [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/849 849] | designation1 = WHS | designation1_free1name = [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/?search=&search_by_country=&type=&media=®ion=&order=region UNESCO Region] | designation1_free1value = [[List of World Heritage Sites in Europe|Europe and North America]] }} {{Contains special characters|cuneiform}} '''Troy''' ({{langx|hit|𒆳𒌷𒋫𒊒𒄿𒊭|translit=Truwiša}}/{{translit|hit|Taruiša}}; {{langx|grc|Τροία|translit=Troíā}}; {{langx|la|Troia}}) or '''Ilion''' ({{langx|hit|𒌷𒃾𒇻𒊭|translit=Wiluša}}; {{langx|grc|Ἴλιον|translit=Ī́lion}})<ref name=Korfmann-2007-Winkler>{{cite book |last=Korfmann |first=Manfred O. |author-link=Manfred Korfmann |year=2007 |editor-last=Winkler |editor-first= Martin M |title=Troy: From Homer's Iliad to Hollywood epic |publisher=Blackwell Publishing Limited |location=Oxford, England |isbn= 978-1-4051-3183-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/troyfromhomersil0000unse/page/25 25] |url=https://archive.org/details/troyfromhomersil0000unse/page/25|quote="''Troy'' or ''Ilios'' (or ''Wilios'') is most probably identical with ''Wilusa'' or ''Truwisa''... mentioned in the Hittite sources}}</ref><ref name="Burney2004">{{cite book |last= Burney |first=Charles |title=Historical dictionary of the Hittites |year= 2004 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |location=Metuchen, NJ |isbn= 978-0-8108-4936-5 |page=311 |chapter=Wilusa}}</ref><ref name= "auto1">{{cite book |author-link=Robert S. P. Beekes |first=R.S.P. |last=Beekes |year=2009 |title=Etymological Dictionary of Greek |publisher=Brill |page=588}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite book |first1= Suzanne |last1=Said |first2=Ruth |last2=Webb |title=Homer and the Odyssey |page =77 |publisher=Oxford University Press |date= 2011}}</ref> was an ancient city located in present-day Hisarlık (near [[Tevfikiye, Çanakkale|Tevfikiye]]), [[Turkey]]. The place was first settled around 3600 BC and grew into a small fortified city around 3000 BC. During its four thousand years of existence, Troy was repeatedly destroyed and rebuilt. As a result, the [[Archaeological site|archeological site]] that has been left is divided into nine [[Stratigraphy (archaeology)|layers]], each corresponding to a city built on the ruins of the previous. Archaeologists refer to these layers using Roman numerals. Among the early layers, [[Troy II]] is notable for its wealth and imposing architecture. During the [[Bronze_Age#Near_East_Bronze_Age_divisions|Late Bronze Age]], Troy was called [[Wilusa]] and was a [[Vassal state|vassal]] of the [[Hittites|Hittite Empire]]. The final layers (Troy VIII-IX) were [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] and [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] cities which in their days served as tourist attractions and religious centers because of their link to mythic tradition. The archaeological site is open to the public as a tourist destination, and was added to the [[List of World Heritage Sites in Turkey|UNESCO World Heritage]] list in 1998. The site was excavated by [[Heinrich Schliemann]] and [[Frank Calvert]] starting in 1871. Under the ruins of the classical city, they found the remains of numerous earlier settlements. Several of these layers resemble literary depictions of Troy, leading some scholars to conclude that there is a [[Historicity of the Iliad|kernel of truth underlying the legends]]. Subsequent excavations by others have added to the modern understanding of the site, though the exact relationship between myth and reality remains unclear and there is no definitive evidence for a Greek attack on the city.<ref name="Jablonka-2011-Steadman-McMahon">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Jablonka |first=Peter |year=2011 |editor-last1= Steadman |editor-first1=Sharon | editor-last2=McMahon | editor-first2= Gregory |encyclopedia=The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia |title=Troy in regional and international context |publisher= Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376142.013.0032 |page=725|quote= Since neither inscriptions confirming the Iliad nor definite proof for a violent destruction by invaders from Greece have been discovered at Troy...}}</ref><ref name="Bryce-2005" />{{rp|style=ama|pp=xiv, 180–182|quote=I do believe we have reached the stage where nothing more can usefully be said about a possible historical basis for Homer's tale – at least until fresh evidence comes to light}} {{TOC limit|3}}
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