Editing Tulu language (section)

{{Short description|Dravidian language of Tulu Nadu region}}
{{distinguish|Tulu-Bohuai language}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox language
| name             = Tulu
| nativename       = {{tlit|tcy|Tuḷu Bāse}}, {{lang|tcy-Tutg|𑎡𑎻𑎳𑎻 𑎨𑎸𑎱𑏂}}, {{lang|tcy-Knda|ತುಳು ಬಾಸೆ}}, {{lang|tcy-Mlym|തുളു ബാസെ}}{{efn| Tulu can be written in three different scripts: ''Tulu bāse'' is written [[File:Tulubaase4.png|alt=<File: Tuḷu bāse>|75x75px]] in Tulu script, {{lang|tcy-Knda|ತುಳು ಬಾಸೆ}} in [[Kannada script]], and {{lang|tcy-Mlym|തുളു ഭാഷെ}} in [[Malayalam script]]. {{lang|tcy-Knda|ಭಾಷೆ}} ''bhāṣe'', {{lang|tcy-Knda|ಭಾಶೆ}}, ''bhāśe'', and {{lang|tcy-Knda|ಬಾಶೆ}} ''bāśe'' are alternative spellings for the Tulu word ''bāse'' in the Kannada script. The correct spelling for the word "language" in [[Kannada language|Kannada]] is {{lang|kn|ಭಾಷೆ}} ''bhāṣe'', but that is not necessarily true in Tulu. Männer's ''Tulu-English and English-Tulu Dictionary'' (1886) says, "{{lang|tcy-Knda|ಬಾಶೆ, ಬಾಸೆ}} '''bāšè''', '''bāsè''', ''see'' {{lang|tcy-Knda|ಭಾಷೆ}}." (vol.&nbsp;1, p.&nbsp;478), "{{lang|tcy-Knda|ಭಾಶೆ, ಭಾಷೆ}} '''bhāšè''', '''bhāshè''', ''s''.&nbsp;Speech, language." (vol.&nbsp;1, p.&nbsp;508), meaning that the four spellings are more or less acceptable. The word is actually pronounced {{lang|tcy-Knda|ಬಾಸೆ}} ''bāse'' in Tulu. Note that '''š''' and '''sh''' in his dictionary correspond to ''ś'' and ''ṣ'', respectively, in [[ISO 15919]]}}
| pronunciation    = [t̪uɭu baːsɛ]
| states           = [[Karnataka|Southwestern Karnataka]] and [[Kasaragod|Northern Kerala]], India
| region           = [[Southern India]]  ([[Tulu Nadu]])  
*[[Karnataka]] ([[Dakshina Kannada]] and [[Udupi District]]) 
*[[Kerala]] (northern [[Kasaragod district]])<ref name="BhatSteveer" /><ref name="acharya1b" /><ref name="ciil.org"/>
| ethnicity        = [[Tulu people|Tuluvas]]
| speakers         = 1,850,000
| date             = 2011 census
| ref              = <ref name="Census2021">{{cite web|title=ABSTRACT OF SPEAKERS' STRENGTH OF LANGUAGES AND MOTHER TONGUES - 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-1.pdf|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=Indian Census 2011, Government of India|access-date=7 July 2018|archive-date=14 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114073426/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-1.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
|dialects          = North Brahman, North Common, South Brahman, South Common
| familycolor   = Dravidian
| fam2             = South Dravidian
| fam3             = [[South Dravidian languages|South Dravidian I]]
| fam4             = Southwestern Dravidian
| fam5             = [[Kudiya language|Kudiya]]–Tulu
| script           = [[Tigalari script]]<br>[[Kannada script]]<br>[[Malayalam script]]
| iso3             = tcy
| image            = Tulu word.svg
| imagescale       = 
| imagecaption     = ''Tulu'' word written in Tigalari script
| map              = Tuluspeakers.PNG
| mapcaption       = Major distribution of native Tulu speakers in India
| map2             = Lang Status 80-VU.svg
| mapcaption2      = {{center|{{small|Tulu is classified as Vulnerable by the [[UNESCO]] ''[[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]''}}<ref>{{Cite UNESCO Atlas|pages=46–47}}</ref>}}
| notice           = Indic
| glotto           = tulu1258
| glottorefname    = Tulu
| notice2          = IPA
}}
{{Infobox ethnonym
|person=Tuḷuva
|people=Tuḷuver
|language=Tuḷu
|country=Tuḷu Nāḍŭ
}}
{{Tulu transliteration}}
[[File:Vishwanath Badikana.webm|thumb|A Tulu speaker.]]

The '''Tulu language''' ({{lang|tcy-Latn|Tuḷu Bāse}},[[Tigalari script]]: {{lang|tcy-Tutg|𑎡𑎻𑎳𑎻 𑎨𑎸𑎱𑏂}},  [[Kannada script]]: {{lang|tcy-Knda|ತುಳು ಬಾಸೆ}}, [[Malayalam script]]: {{lang|tcy-Mlym|ത‍ുള‍ു ബാസെ}}; {{small|pronunciation in}} {{IPA|tcy|t̪uɭu baːsɛ|lang}}){{efn| Tulu can be written in three different scripts: ''Tulu bāse'' is written [[File:Tulubaase4.png|alt=<File: Tuḷu bāse>|75x75px]] in Tulu script, {{lang|tcy-Knda|ತುಳು ಬಾಸೆ}} in [[Kannada script]], and {{lang|tcy-Mlym|ത‍ുള‍ു ഭാഷെ}} in [[Malayalam script]]. {{lang|tcy-Knda|ಭಾಷೆ}} ''bhāṣe'', {{lang|tcy-Knda|ಭಾಶೆ}}, ''bhāśe'', and {{lang|tcy-Knda|ಬಾಶೆ}} ''bāśe'' are alternative spellings for the Tulu word ''bāse'' in the Kannada script. The correct spelling for the word "language" in [[Kannada language|Kannada]] is {{lang|kn|ಭಾಷೆ}} ''bhāṣe'', but that is not necessarily true in Tulu. Männer's ''Tulu-English and English-Tulu Dictionary'' (1886) says, "{{lang|tcy-Knda|ಬಾಶೆ, ಬಾಸೆ}} '''bāšè''', '''bāsè''', ''see'' {{lang|tcy-Knda|ಭಾಷೆ}}." (vol.&nbsp;1, p.&nbsp;478), "{{lang|tcy-Knda|ಭಾಶೆ, ಭಾಷೆ}} '''bhāšè''', '''bhāshè''', ''s''.&nbsp;Speech, language." (vol.&nbsp;1, p.&nbsp;508), meaning that the four spellings are more or less acceptable. The word is actually pronounced {{lang|tcy-Knda|ಬಾಸೆ}} ''bāse'' in Tulu. Note that '''š''' and '''sh''' in his dictionary correspond to ''ś'' and ''ṣ'', respectively, in [[ISO 15919]]}} is a [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian language]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Five Languages in Karnataka, Including Tulu Vanishing: Unesco|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=62360|access-date=2020-09-18|website=daijiworld.com|archive-date=11 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111174737/https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=62360|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.udupitourism.com/Udupi-Tulu-Language |title=UDUPI |website=Udupitourism.com |access-date=18 November 2016 |archive-date=18 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818153313/http://udupitourism.com/Udupi-Tulu-Language |url-status=live }}</ref> whose speakers are concentrated in [[Dakshina Kannada]] and in the southern part of [[Udupi district|Udupi]] of [[Karnataka]] in south-western [[India]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tulu Page, Tulu Language, History of Tulu language|url=https://www.nriol.com/indian-languages/tulu-page.asp|access-date=2020-11-17|website=nriol.com|archive-date=29 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029224906/https://nriol.com/indian-languages/tulu-page.asp|url-status=live}}</ref> and also  in the northern parts of the [[Kasaragod]] district of [[Kerala]]. The native speakers of Tulu are referred to as [[Tulu people|Tuluva]] or Tulu people and the geographical area is unofficially called [[Tulu Nadu]].

The [[2011 Census of India|Indian census report of 2011]] reported a total of 1,846,427 native Tulu speakers in India.<ref name="Census2021"/> The [[2001 Census of India|2001 census]] had reported a total of 1,722,768 native speakers.<ref>{{cite web|title=Census of India - Statement 1|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement1.htm|access-date=13 November 2009|publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|archive-date=6 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206233628/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement1.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> There is some difficulty in counting Tulu speakers who have migrated from their native region as they are often counted as [[Kannada]] speakers in [[Census of India|Indian census reports]].<ref name="BhatSteveer">{{cite book |last1=Steever |first1=Sanford B |title=The Dravidian Languages |date=2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781136911644 |pages=158–163 }}</ref>

Separated early from [[Southern Dravidian|Proto-South Dravidian]],<ref>"[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=1286-16 Language Family Trees: Dravidian, Southern] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130204045333/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=1286-16 |date=4 February 2013 }}", ''Ethnologue'' (16th ed.).</ref> Tulu has several features not found in [[Tamil–Kannada languages|Tamil–Kannada]]. For example, it has the [[pluperfect]] and the [[future perfect]], like [[French language|French]] or [[Spanish language|Spanish]], but formed [[Agglutination|without an auxiliary verb]].

Tulu is the primary spoken language in Tulu Nadu, consisting of the [[Dakshina Kannada]] and [[Udupi]] districts in the western part of [[Karnataka]] and the northern part of [[Kasaragod district]] of [[Kerala]].<ref name="BhatSteveer" /><ref name="acharya1b">{{cite web |url=http://www.ciil-ebooks.net/html/piil/acharya1b.html |access-date=11 August 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080117094833/http://www.ciil-ebooks.net/html/piil/acharya1b.html |title=Social Aspects and Dynamics of Convergence |author=Susheela Thomas |archive-date=17 January 2008  }}</ref><ref name="ciil.org">[http://www.ciil.org/Main/Announcement/Abstracts/Abstacts/11.htm] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080720110615/http://www.ciil.org/Main/Announcement/Abstracts/Abstacts/11.htm|date=20 July 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Tulu Nadu, Kasaragod, Kerala, India|url=https://www.keralatourism.org/bekal/tulu-nadu.php|publisher=Kerala Tourism|access-date=12 June 2017|language=en|archive-date=6 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706143248/http://www.keralatourism.org/bekal/tulu-nadu.php|url-status=live}}</ref> A significant number of native Tulu speakers are found in [[Kalasa]] and [[Mudigere]] [[Tehsil|taluks]] of [[Chikmagalur district|Chikkamagaluru district]] and [[Thirthahalli|Tirthahalli]], [[Hosanagara|Hosanagar]] of [[Shimoga district]]. Non-native speakers of Tulu include those who are residents in the Tulu Nadu region but who speak the [[Beary language]], the [[Havigannada|Havyaka]] language and also [[Konkani language|Konkani]] and [[Koraga language|Koraga]] as their mother tongues.<ref name="dravidian">{{cite book |title= The Dravidian Languages |last= Steever |first= Sanford B. |year= 1998 |publisher= Taylor & Francis |isbn= 0-415-10023-2 |page= 158 }}</ref> Apart from Tulu Nadu, a significant emigrant population of Tulu speakers are found in [[Maharashtra]],<ref name="languageinindia.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.languageinindia.com/may2003/maharashtraurdu.html |title=Language in India |publisher=Language in India |date=5 May 2003 |access-date=21 May 2012 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225065831/http://www.languageinindia.com/may2003/maharashtraurdu.html%20 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Bangalore]], [[Chennai]], the [[English-speaking world]], and the [[Arab states of the Persian Gulf|Gulf countries]].<ref name="mangalorean.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=broadcast&broadcastid=139752 |title=Serving Mangaloreans Around The World! |publisher=Mangalorean.Com |access-date=21 May 2012 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225065833/https://www.mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=broadcast&broadcastid=139752%20 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=63861& |title=Dr. Veerendra Heggade in Dubai to Unite Tuluvas for Tulu Sammelan |publisher=Daijiworld.com |access-date=21 May 2012 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303191142/http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=63861& |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The various medieval inscriptions of Tulu from the 15th century are in the [[Tigalari script|Tulu script]].<ref name="BhatSteveer" /> Two Tulu epics named ''Sri Bhagavato'' and ''Kaveri'' from the 17th century were also written in the same script.<ref name="BhatSteveer" /> The Tulu language is known for its [[oral literature]] in the form of epic poems called ''pardana''. The ''[[Epic of Siri]]'' and the legend of [[Koti and Chennayya]] belong to this category of Tulu literature.<ref name="BhatSteveer" />