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{{short description|Country in Oceania}} {{about|the country}} {{redirect|Ellice Islands|Ellis Island in New York|Ellis Island}} {{distinguish|Tuva|Tuval}} {{pp-move|small=yes}} {{EngvarB|date=June 2021}} {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}} {{Infobox country | native_name = | conventional_long_name = Tuvalu | common_name = Tuvalu | image_flag = Flag of Tuvalu.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Tuvalu.svg | royal_anthem = “[[God Save the King]]”<br>[[File:God Save the King.ogg]]<br> | image_map = Tuvalu on the globe (Polynesia centered).svg | national_motto = [[Atua|Tuvalu mo te Atua]] ([[Tuvaluan language|Tuvaluan]])<br />"Tuvalu for the Almighty" | national_anthem = [[Tuvalu mo te Atua]] ([[Tuvaluan language|Tuvaluan]])<br>"Tuvalu for the Almighty"<br>[[File:Tuvalu mo te Atua.ogg]] | official_languages = {{hlist |[[Tuvaluan language|Tuvaluan]] |[[English language|English]]}} | religion = <!-- direct figures from ReligionUNdata reference -->{{tree list}} * 94.8% [[Christianity]] ** 86.0% [[Church of Tuvalu|Calvinism]] ([[State religion|official]]) ** 8.8% other [[List of Christian denominations|Christian]] * 3.3% [[Irreligion|no religion]] * 1.7% [[Baháʼí Faith]] * 0.2% others {{Tree list/end}} | religion_year = 2022 | religion_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?REGION=0&u=232c&u=229c&u=23r |title=The ARDA website, retrieved 2023-08-28 |access-date=1 October 2023 |archive-date=17 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017170532/https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?REGION=0&u=232c&u=229c&u=23r |url-status=live}}</ref> | demonym = Tuvaluan | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list | 96% [[Demographics of Tuvalu|Tuvaluans]] | 4% others}} | ethnic_groups_year = 2022 | capital = [[Funafuti]] | coordinates = {{Coord|8|31|S|179|12|E|type:city}} | largest_city = [[Funafuti]] | government_type = Unitary [[parliamentary constitutional monarchy]] | leader_title1 = [[Monarchy of Tuvalu|Monarch]] | leader_name1 = [[Charles III]] | leader_title2 = [[Governor-General of Tuvalu|Governor-General]] | leader_name2 = [[Tofiga Vaevalu Falani]] | leader_title3 = [[Prime Minister of Tuvalu|Prime Minister]] | leader_name3 = [[Feleti Teo]] | legislature = [[Parliament of Tuvalu|Parliament]] | sovereignty_type = Independence | established_event1 = from the United Kingdom | established_date1 = 1 October 1978 | area_rank = 192nd <!-- Should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> | area_km2 = 25.14 | area_footnote = | area_sq_mi = 9.71 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | percent_water = negligible | population_census = 10,643 | population_census_year = 2022 | population_census_rank = 194th | population_density_km2 = 423 | population_density_sq_mi = 1,096 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | population_density_rank = 27th | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $68.603 million<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_PPP_rank = <!--cia.gov--> | GDP_PPP_year = 2023 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $6,076<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = <!--cia.gov--> | GDP_nominal_year = 2023 | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $63 million<ref name=imf2>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook database (Tuvalu) |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=869,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2022&ey=2024&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |work=World Economic Outlook, October 2023 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |date=October 2023 |access-date=17 January 2024 |archive-date=17 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117224522/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=869,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2022&ey=2024&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |url-status=live}}</ref> | GDP_nominal_rank = | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $6,113<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = | Gini_year = 2022 | Gini_change = steady<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini = 39 | Gini_ref = <ref>{{Cite book |last=Menaouer |first=Olivier |url=https://stats.gov.tv/download/86/household-income-and-expenditure-survey-hies/1652/tuvalu_2022_hies_report.pdf |title=Tuvalu Household Income & Expenditure Survey (HIES) 2022-23 |publisher=Pacific Community |year=2024 |isbn=978-982-00-1585-2 |location=Noumea, New Caledonia |language=en| page=61}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI_year = 2022<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = steady<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI = 0.653<!--number only--> | HDI_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 March 2024 |title=Human Development Report 2023/2024 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313164319/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf |archive-date=13 March 2024 |access-date=13 March 2024 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 132nd | currency = {{plainlist| * [[Tuvaluan dollar]] * [[Australian dollar]] }} | currency_code = AUD | time_zone = | utc_offset = +12 | time_zone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | drives_on = left | calling_code = [[+688]] | cctld = [[.tv]] | today = }} '''Tuvalu''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Tuvalu.ogg|t|uː|ˈ|v|ɑː|l|uː}} {{respell|too|VAH|loo}})<ref>{{Cite book|title=Tuvalu |chapter=The New Zealand Oxford Dictionary |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195584516.001.0001/m-en_nz-msdict-00001-0056725 |access-date=18 February 2022 |doi=10.1093/acref/9780195584516.001.0001 |editor-first1=Tony |editor-last1=Deverson |editor-first2=Graeme |editor-last2=Kennedy |year=2005 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-558451-6 |archive-date=28 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228234623/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195584516.001.0001/m-en_nz-msdict-00001-0056725 |url-status=live}}</ref> is an [[island country]] in the [[Polynesia]]n subregion of [[Oceania]] in the [[Pacific Ocean]], about midway between [[Hawaii]] and [[Australia]]. It lies east-northeast of the [[Santa Cruz Islands]] (which belong to the [[Solomon Islands]]), northeast of [[Vanuatu]], southeast of [[Nauru]], south of [[Kiribati]], west of [[Tokelau]], northwest of [[Samoa]] and [[Wallis and Futuna]], and north of [[Fiji]]. Tuvalu is composed of three [[reef]] islands and six [[atoll]]s spread out between the [[latitude]] of [[5th parallel south|5°]] and [[10th parallel south|10° south]] and between the [[longitude]] of [[176th meridian east|176°]] and [[180th meridian|180°]]. They lie west of the [[International Date Line]].<ref name="MAP">{{cite web |url=https://www.mapsland.com/oceania/tuvalu |title=Maps of Tuvalu |access-date=15 January 2021 |archive-date=8 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608111352/https://www.mapsland.com/oceania/tuvalu |url-status=live}}</ref> The 2022 census determined that Tuvalu had a population of 10,643,<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |url=https://spccfpstore1.blob.core.windows.net/digitallibrary-docs/files/f6/f63bae1b56af7cbcc4b51f8568ce4985.pdf?sv=2015-12-11&sr=b&sig=RRqqoeJ0R%2FrDqckPotySlFcUX1UYLrD%2FbrTMfyGNh40%3D&se=2025-10-03T10%3A38%3A37Z&sp=r&rscc=public%2C%20max-age%3D864000%2C%20max-stale%3D86400&rsct=application%2Fpdf&rscd=inline%3B%20filename%3D%22Tuvalu_2022_Census_Report.pdf%22 |title=Tuvalu 2022 census on population and housing: analytical report |date=March 2025 |publisher=Pacific Community |isbn=978-982-00-1617-0 |location=Noumea Cedex, New Caledonia |language=en}}</ref>{{Rp|page=5}} making it [[List of countries and dependencies by population|the second-least populous country in the world]], behind [[Vatican City]]. Tuvalu's total land area is {{convert|25.14|km2|sqmi}}.<ref name=":1" /> The first inhabitants of Tuvalu were [[Polynesians]] arriving as part of the [[History of the Polynesian people|migration of Polynesians into the Pacific]] that began about three thousand years ago.<ref name=Howe1>{{cite book |last=Howe |first=Kerry |title=The Quest for Origins |year=2003 |publisher=Penguin |location=New Zealand |isbn=0-14-301857-4 |pages=68–70}}</ref> Long before European contact with the [[List of islands in the Pacific Ocean|Pacific islands]], Polynesians frequently voyaged by canoe between the islands. [[Polynesian navigation]] skills enabled them to make elaborately planned journeys in either [[Catamaran#Development in Oceania and Asia|double-hulled sailing canoes]] or [[outrigger canoe]]s.<ref name="Belwood1">{{cite book |last1=Bellwood |first1=Peter |title=The Polynesians – Prehistory of an Island People |year=1987 |publisher=Thames and Hudson |pages=39–44}}</ref> Scholars believe that the Polynesians spread out from [[Samoa]] and [[Tonga]] into the Tuvaluan atolls, which then served as a stepping stone for further migration into the [[Polynesian outlier]]s in [[Melanesia]] and [[Micronesia]].<ref name="Belwood2">{{cite book |last1=Bellwood |first1=Peter |title=The Polynesians – Prehistory of an Island People |year=1987 |publisher=Thames and Hudson |pages=29 & 54}}</ref><ref name="Bayard">{{cite book |last1=Bayard |first1=D.T. |title=The Cultural Relationships of the Polynesian Outliers |year=1976 |publisher=Otago University, Studies in Prehistoric Anthropology, Vol. 9}}</ref><ref name="Kirch">{{cite book |last1=Kirch |first1=P.V. |title=The Polynesian Outliers |year=1984 |publisher=95 (4) Journal of Pacific History |pages=224–238}}</ref> In 1568, Spanish explorer and [[cartographer]] [[Álvaro de Mendaña de Neira|Álvaro de Mendaña]] became the first European known to sail through the archipelago, sighting the island of [[Nui (atoll)|Nui]] during an expedition he was making in search of [[Terra Australis]]. The island of [[Funafuti]], currently serving as the capital, was named Ellice's Island in 1819. Later, the whole group was named Ellice Islands by English hydrographer [[Alexander George Findlay]]. In the late 19th century, Great Britain claimed control over the Ellice Islands, designating them as within their sphere of influence.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Treaty_between_Great_Britain_and_Germany_relating_to_the_Demarcation_of_the_Spheres_of_Influence |title=Declaration between the Governments of Great Britain and the German Empire relating to the Demarcation of the British and German Spheres of Influence in the Western Pacific, signed at Berlin, April 6, 1886 |year=1886 |access-date=22 October 2017 |archive-date=22 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171022141706/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Treaty_between_Great_Britain_and_Germany_relating_to_the_Demarcation_of_the_Spheres_of_Influence |url-status=live}}</ref> Between 9 and 16 October 1892, Captain [[Herbert William Sumner Gibson|Herbert Gibson]] of {{HMS|Curacoa|1878|6}} declared each of the Ellice Islands a [[British protectorates|British protectorate]]. Britain assigned a [[resident commissioner]] to administer the Ellice Islands as part of the [[British Western Pacific Territories]] (BWPT). From 1916 to 1975, they were managed as part of the [[Gilbert and Ellice Islands]] colony. A [[1974 Ellice Islands self-determination referendum|referendum was held in 1974]] to determine whether the Gilbert Islands and Ellice Islands should each have their own administration.<ref name="PIM174-8">{{cite web |last= |first= |work=45(8) Pacific Islands Monthly |title=Moment of Decision for Ellice |date=1 August 1974 |url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-333436664/view?sectionId=nla.obj-338519758&partId=nla.obj-333504166#page/n17/mode/1up |access-date=2 October 2021 |archive-date=2 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211002095252/https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-333436664/view?sectionId=nla.obj-338519758&partId=nla.obj-333504166#page/n17/mode/1up |url-status=live}}</ref> As a result, the Gilbert and Ellice Islands colony legally ceased to exist on 1 October 1975; on 1 January 1976, the old administration was officially separated,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.islandstudies.ca/sites/islandstudies.ca/files/ISJ-7-1-2012-McIntyre.pdf |title=The Partition of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands |work=Island Studies Journal, Vol. 7, No.1, 2012 |pages=135–146 |author=W. David McIntyre |access-date=24 October 2020 |archive-date=2 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171202095641/https://www.islandstudies.ca/sites/islandstudies.ca/files/ISJ-7-1-2012-McIntyre.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> and two separate British colonies, [[Kiribati]] and Tuvalu, were formed. On 1 October 1978, Tuvalu became fully independent as a [[sovereign state]] within [[the Commonwealth]], and is a [[constitutional monarchy]] with [[King Charles III]] as [[Monarchy of Tuvalu|King of Tuvalu]]. On 5 September 2000, Tuvalu became the [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1290|189th member of the United Nations]]. The islands do not have a significant amount of soil, so the country relies heavily on imports and fishing for food. Licensing fishing permits to international companies, grants and aid projects, and remittances to their families from Tuvaluan seafarers who work on cargo ships are important parts of the economy. Because it is a low-lying island nation, Tuvalu is extremely vulnerable to [[sea level rise]] due to [[Climate change in Tuvalu|climate change]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tuvalu: The disappearing island nation recreating itself in the metaverse |url=https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20241121-tuvalu-the-pacific-islands-creating-a-digital-nation-in-the-metaverse-due-to-climate-change |access-date=2024-11-22 |website=www.bbc.com |date=21 November 2024 |language=en-GB}}</ref> It is active in international climate negotiations as part of the [[Alliance of Small Island States]]. {{TOC level|3}}
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