Editing Ukraine (section)

{{Short description|Country in Eastern Europe}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Pp-sock|small=yes}}
{{pp-move|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Use British English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Ukraine
| common_name            = Ukraine
| native_name            = {{native name|uk|Україна|italics=off}}
| image_flag             = Flag of Ukraine.svg
| image_coat             = Coat of Arms of Ukraine.svg
| national_anthem        = {{lang|uk|Державний Гімн України}}<br />{{transliteration|uk|Derzhavnyi Himn Ukrainy}}<br />"[[National anthem of Ukraine|State Anthem of Ukraine]]"{{parabr}}{{center|[[File:National anthem of Ukraine, instrumental.oga]]}}
| image_map              = {{Switcher|[[File:Ukraine (orthographic projection) with Disputed Land.png|frameless]]
|Show globe|[[File:Europe-Ukraine (disputed territory).svg|frameless]]|Show map of Europe|[[File:Topographic map of Ukraine (with borders and towns).svg|frameless]]|Topographic map of Ukraine with<br />borders and cities|default=1}}
| map_caption            ={{Legend|#336830|Territory controlled by Ukraine}}{{Legend|#61E760|[[Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine|Russian-occupied territories]]}} 
| image_map2             = 
| alt_map2               = <!--alt text for second map-->
| map_caption2           = <!--Caption to place below second map-->
| image_map2_size        = <!--Map size in number of pixels-->
| capital                = [[Kyiv]]<!--See [[Talk:Kyiv/naming]] re Kiev/Kyiv. -->
| coordinates            = {{coord|50|27|N|30|31|E|scale:10000000_source:GNS|display=inline,title}}
| largest_city           = capital
| languages_type         = {{Unbulleted list|Official language|{{Nobold|and national language}}}}
| languages              = [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ukrainian-studies.ca/2020/10/20/the-official-act-on-the-state-language-entered-into-force-on-16-july-2019-the-status-of-ukrainian-and-minority-languages/ |title=Law of Ukraine "On ensuring the functioning of Ukrainian as the state language": The status of Ukrainian and minority languages |date=20 October 2020}}</ref>
| ethnic_groups          = {{unbulleted list
 | 78% [[Ukrainians]]
 | 17% [[Russians in Ukraine|Russians]]
 | 4.9% [[Demographics of Ukraine|other]]
 }}
| ethnic_groups_year     = 2001
| ethnic_groups_ref      = <ref name="Ethnic composition of the population of Ukraine, 2001 Census"/>
| demonym                = [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]]
| government_type        = Unitary [[semi-presidential republic]]
| leader_title1          = [[President of Ukraine|President]]
| leader_name1           = {{nowrap|[[Volodymyr Zelenskyy]]}}
| leader_title2          = [[Prime Minister of Ukraine|Prime Minister]]
| leader_name2           = [[Denys Shmyhal]]
| leader_title3          = [[Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada|Chairman of the<br />Verkhovna Rada]]
| leader_name3           = [[Ruslan Stefanchuk]]
| legislature            = [[Verkhovna Rada]]
| sovereignty_type       = [[History of Ukraine|Formation]]
| established_event1     = [[Kievan Rus']]
| established_date1      = 882
| established_event2     = [[Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia|Galicia–Volhynia]]
| established_date2      = 1199
| established_event3     = [[Cossack Hetmanate]]
| established_date3      = 18 August 1649
| established_event4     = [[Ukrainian People's Republic|People's republic]]
| established_date4      = {{nowrap|20 November 1917}}
| established_event5     = [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|Soviet republic]]
| established_date5      = {{nowrap|10 March 1919}}
| established_event6     = {{nowrap|[[Ukraine and the United Nations|UN membership]]}}
| established_date6      = 24 October 1945
| established_event7     = {{nowrap|[[Declaration of Independence of Ukraine|Independence declared]]}}
| established_date7      = 24 August 1991
| established_event8     = [[Constitution of Ukraine|Current constitution]]
| established_date8      = 28 June 1996
| area_km2               = 603,628<ref>{{cite web |title=Ukraine |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ukraine/#geography |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |language=en |date=23 March 2022}}</ref>
| area_rank              = 45th <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] -->
| area_sq_mi             = or 233,013/ 223,013<!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]-->
| percent_water          = 3.8<ref name="Jhariya Meena Banerjee 2021 p. 40">{{cite book |last1=Jhariya |first1=M.K. |last2=Meena |first2=R.S. |last3=Banerjee |first3=A. |title=Ecological Intensification of Natural Resources for Sustainable Agriculture |publisher=Springer Singapore |year=2021 |isbn=978-981-334-203-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bf4hEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA40 |access-date=31 March 2022 |page=40}}</ref>
| population_estimate    = {{decreaseNeutral}} 32,862,000<ref name="IMFWEO.UA" />
| population_estimate_year = April 2025
| population_estimate_rank = 46th
| population_density_km2 = 54.4
| population_density_sq_mi = 191 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]-->
| population_density_rank = 156th
| GDP_PPP                = {{increase}} $690.059 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.UA">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april/weo-report?c=926,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,LP,&sy=2023&ey=2030&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 Edition. (Ukraine) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=www.imf.org |date=22 April 2025 |access-date=28 May 2025}}</ref>
| GDP_PPP_year           = 2025
| GDP_PPP_rank           = 45th
| GDP_PPP_per_capita     = {{increase}} $20,999<ref name="IMFWEO.UA" />
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 89th
| GDP_nominal            = {{increase}} $205.742 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.UA" />
| GDP_nominal_year       = 2025
| GDP_nominal_rank       = 58th
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $6,261<ref name="IMFWEO.UA" />
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 112th
| Gini                   = 25.6 <!--number only-->
| Gini_year              = 2020
| Gini_change            = decrease <!--increase/decrease/steady-->
| Gini_ref               = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI |title=GINI index (World Bank estimate) – Ukraine |publisher=[[World Bank]] |website=data.worldbank.org |access-date=12 August 2021}}</ref>
| Gini_rank              = 
| HDI                    = 0.779
| HDI_year               = 2023<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year. -->
| HDI_change             = decrease
| HDI_ref                = <ref name="UNHDR">{{Cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]}}</ref>
| HDI_rank               = 87th
| currency               = [[Ukrainian hryvnia|Hryvnia]] (₴)
| currency_code          = UAH
| time_zone              = [[Eastern European Time|EET]]
| utc_offset             = +2<ref name="timechange">{{cite news |url=http://ua.korrespondent.net/ukraine/events/1273613-rishennya-radi-ukrayina-30-zhovtnya-perejde-na-zimovij-chas |script-title=uk:Рішення Ради: Україна 30 жовтня перейде на зимовий час |trans-title=Rada Decision: Ukraine will change to winter time on 30 October |language=uk |publisher=korrespondent.net |date=18 October 2011 |access-date=31 October 2011 |last1=Net |first1=Korrespondent}}</ref>
| utc_offset_DST         = +3
| time_zone_DST          = [[Eastern European Summer Time|EEST]]
| date_format            = dd.mm.yyyy
| drives_on              = right
| calling_code           = [[Telephone numbers in Ukraine|+380]]
| cctld                  = {{hlist|[[.ua]] |[[.укр]]}}
| religion               = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |87.3% [[Christianity in Ukraine|Christianity]]|11.0% [[Irreligion|no religion]]|0.8% [[Religion in Ukraine|other]]|0.9% unanswered}}
| religion_year          = 2018
| religion_ref           = <ref>{{citation |url=http://razumkov.org.ua/uploads/article/2018_Religiya.pdf |script-title=uk:Особливості Релігійного І Церковно-Релігійного Самовизначення Українських Громадян: Тенденції 2010–2018 |trans-title=Features of Religious and Church – Religious Self-Determination of Ukrainian Citizens: Trends 2010–2018 |date=22 April 2018 |publisher=[[Razumkov Center]] in collaboration with the All-Ukrainian Council of Churches |pages=12, 13, 16, 31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180426194313/http://razumkov.org.ua/uploads/article/2018_Religiya.pdf |archive-date=26 April 2018 <!-- Archive date guessed from URL --> |url-status=live |language=uk |place=Kyiv}}<br />Sample of 2,018 respondents aged 18 years and over, interviewed 23–28 March 2018 in all regions of Ukraine except Crimea and the occupied territories of the Donetsk and Luhansk regions.</ref>
}}

'''Ukraine'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Ukraine.ogg|juː|ˈ|k|r|eɪ|n}} {{respell|yoo|KRAYN}}; {{langx|uk|Україна|Ukraina}}, {{IPA|uk|ʊkrɐˈjinɐ|pron|Uk-Україна (2).oga}}}} is a country in [[Eastern Europe]]. It is the [[List of European countries by area|second-largest country in Europe]] after [[Russia]], which [[Russia–Ukraine border|borders it]] to the east and northeast.{{Efn|Ukraine also has a [[Front (military)|battlefront]] to its southeast with [[Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine|territory illegally occupied and annexed from it by Russia]].}} Ukraine also borders [[Belarus]] to the north; [[Poland]] and [[Slovakia]] to the west; [[Hungary]], [[Romania]] and [[Moldova]]{{Efn|Which also has the unrecognised breakaway state [[Transnistria]].}} to the southwest; and the [[Black Sea]] and the [[Sea of Azov]] to the south and southeast.{{Efn|The Ukrainian territories on the Sea of Azov have been occupied and annexed by Russia in 2022, but the annexation has been condemned by the international community.}} [[Kyiv]] is the nation's capital and [[List of cities in Ukraine|largest city]], followed by [[Kharkiv]], [[Odesa]], and [[Dnipro]]. Ukraine's [[official language]] is [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]].

Humans have inhabited Ukraine since 32,000 BC. During the [[Middle Ages]], it was the site of [[early Slavs|early Slavic]] expansion and later became a key centre of [[East Slavs|East Slavic]] culture under the state of [[Kievan Rus']], which emerged in the 9th century. Kievan Rus' became the largest and most powerful realm in Europe in the 10th and 11th centuries, but gradually disintegrated into rival regional powers before being destroyed by the [[Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'|Mongols]] in the 13th century. For the next 600 years the area was contested, divided, and ruled by a variety of external powers including the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]], the [[Kingdom of Poland]], the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]], the [[Austrian Empire]], the [[Ottoman Empire]], and the [[Tsardom of Russia]].

The [[Cossack Hetmanate]] emerged in [[central Ukraine]] in the 17th century but was partitioned between Russia and Poland before being absorbed by the [[Russian Empire]] in the late 19th century. [[Ukrainian nationalism]] developed and, following the [[Russian Revolution]] in 1917, the short-lived [[Ukrainian People's Republic]] was formed. The [[Bolsheviks]] [[Ukrainian–Soviet War|consolidated control]] over much of the former empire and established the [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic]], which became a [[republics of the Soviet Union|constituent republic]] of the [[Soviet Union]] in 1922. In the early 1930s, millions of Ukrainians died in the [[Holodomor]], a [[Causes of the Holodomor|human-made famine]]. During [[World War II]], Ukraine was [[Reichskommissariat Ukraine|occupied by Germany]] and endured [[World War II in Ukraine|major battles and atrocities]], resulting in 7 million civilians killed, including [[The Holocaust in Ukraine|most Ukrainian Jews]].

Ukraine gained independence in 1991 as the [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|Soviet Union dissolved]] and declared itself [[Neutral country|neutral]].<ref name="gska2.rada.gov.ua">{{cite web |url=http://gska2.rada.gov.ua:7777/site/postanova_eng/Declaration_of_State_Sovereignty_of_Ukraine_rev1.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927224650/http://gska2.rada.gov.ua:7777/site/postanova_eng/Declaration_of_State_Sovereignty_of_Ukraine_rev1.htm |archive-date=27 September 2007 |title=Declaration of State Sovereignty of Ukraine |access-date=24 December 2007 |website=[[Verkhovna Rada]] of Ukraine}}</ref> A new [[Constitution of Ukraine|constitution]] was adopted in 1996 as the country transitioned to a free market liberal democracy amid [[Corruption in Ukraine#Political corruption|endemic corruption]] and a legacy of state control.<ref>{{Citation |title=Ukraine |date=2025-01-02 |work=The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ukraine/#people-and-society |access-date=2025-01-11 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |language=en}}</ref> The [[Orange Revolution]] of 2004–2005 ushered electoral and constitutional reforms. Resurgent political crises prompted a series of mass demonstrations in 2014 known as the [[Euromaidan]], leading to [[Revolution of Dignity|a revolution]], at the end of which Russia unilaterally [[Russian occupation of Crimea|occupied]] and [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|annexed]] Ukraine's [[Crimea|Crimean Peninsula]], and [[2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine|pro-Russian unrest]] culminated in [[War in Donbas (2014–2022)|a war in Donbas]] with Russian-backed separatists and Russia. Russia launched [[Russian invasion of Ukraine|a full-scale invasion]] of Ukraine in 2022.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |last1=Beliakova |first1=Polina |last2=Tecott Metz |first2=Rachel |date=2023-03-17 |title=The Surprising Success of U.S. Military Aid to Ukraine |language=en-US |work=Foreign Affairs |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/ukraine/war-security-assistance-lessons |access-date=2023-04-13}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Dorfman |first=Zach |date=April 28, 2022 |title=In closer ties to Ukraine, U.S. officials long saw promise and peril |url=https://news.yahoo.com/in-closer-ties-to-ukraine-us-officials-long-saw-promise-and-peril-090006105.html |access-date=April 13, 2023 |website=[[Yahoo News]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="European Commission Trade Ukraine" />

Ukraine is a [[unitary state]] and [[Government of Ukraine|its system of government]] is a [[semi-presidential republic]]. Ukraine has a [[transition economy]] and has [[List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP (nominal) per capita|the lowest nominal GDP per capita in Europe]] as of 2024, with [[Corruption in Ukraine|corruption]] being a significant issue.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mapping Support for Anti-Corruption Reforms in Ukraine with a Focus on the Justice Sector |url=https://www.undp.org/ukraine/publications/mapping-support-anti-corruption-reforms-ukraine-focus-justice-sector |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=UNDP |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=World Economic Situation and Prospects 2024 |url=https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/wp-content/uploads/sites/45/WESP_2024_Web.pdf |page=158}}</ref> Due to [[Agriculture in Ukraine|its extensive fertile land]], the country is an important exporter of [[grain]],<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last1=Jia |first1=Nan |last2=Xia |first2=Zilong |last3=Li |first3=Yinshuai |last4=Yu |first4=Xiang |last5=Wu |first5=Xutong |last6=Li |first6=Yingjie |last7=Su |first7=Rongfei |last8=Wang |first8=Mengting |last9=Chen |first9=Ruishan |last10=Liu |first10=Jianguo |date=2024-12-20 |title=The Russia-Ukraine war reduced food production and exports with a disparate geographical impact worldwide |journal=Communications Earth & Environment |language=en |volume=5 |issue=1 |page=765 |doi=10.1038/s43247-024-01915-5 |bibcode=2024ComEE...5..765J |issn=2662-4435 |doi-access=free}}</ref> with grain produce [[2022 Russian theft of Ukrainian grain|reduced]] since 2022 due to the Russian invasion, endangering global [[food security]].<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /> Ukraine is considered a [[middle power]] in global affairs. [[Armed Forces of Ukraine|Its military]] is the [[List of countries by number of military and paramilitary personnel|sixth largest in the world]] with the [[List of countries by military expenditures|eighth largest defence budget]], and [[Unmanned Systems Forces|operates]] one of the world's largest and most diverse [[Unmanned combat aerial vehicle|drone fleets]]. Ukraine is a founding member of the [[United Nations]] and a member of the [[Council of Europe]], the [[World Trade Organization|World Trade Organisation]], and the [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe|OSCE]]. It has been in the process of [[Accession of Ukraine to the European Union|joining the European Union]] and applied to join [[NATO]] in 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Kramer |first1=Andrew E. |last2=Bilefsky |first2=Dan |date=2022-09-30 |title=Ukraine submits an application to join NATO, with big hurdles ahead. |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/30/world/europe/ukraine-nato-zelensky.html |access-date=2022-10-01 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
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