Editing Urinary retention (section)

{{short description|Inability to completely empty the bladder}}
{{Infobox medical condition (new)
| name            = Urinary retention
| synonyms        = Ischuria, bladder failure, bladder obstruction
| image           = Harnverhalt.jpg
| caption         = Urinary retention with greatly enlarged bladder as seen by [[CT scan]].
| field           = [[Emergency medicine]], [[urology]]
| symptoms        = '''Sudden onset''': Inability to urinate, low abdominal pain<ref name=NIH2014/><br>'''Long term''': Frequent urination, loss of bladder control, [[urinary tract infection]]<ref name=NIH2014/>
| complications   =
| onset           =
| duration        =
| types           = Acute, chronic<ref name=NIH2014/>
| causes          = Blockage of the urethra, nerve problems, certain medications, weak bladder muscles<ref name=NIH2014/>
| risks           =
| diagnosis       = Amount of urine in the bladder post urination<ref name=NIH2014/>
| differential    =
| prevention      =
| treatment       = [[urinary catheterization|Catheter]], [[urethral dilation]], [[urethral stents]], surgery<ref name=NIH2014/>
| medication      = [[Alpha blockers]] such as [[terazosin]], [[5α-reductase inhibitors]] such as [[finasteride]]<ref name=NIH2014/>
| prognosis       =
| frequency       = 6 per 1,000 per year (males > 40 years old)<ref name=NIH2014/>
| deaths          =
}}
<!-- Definition and symptoms -->
'''Urinary retention''' is an inability to completely empty the [[bladder]].<ref name=NIH2014>{{cite web|title=Urinary Retention|url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/urologic-diseases/urinary-retention|website=[[National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases]]|access-date=24 October 2017|date=August 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004190040/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/urologic-diseases/urinary-retention|archive-date=4 October 2017}}</ref> Onset can be sudden or gradual.<ref name=NIH2014/> When of sudden onset, symptoms include an inability to urinate and lower abdominal pain.<ref name=NIH2014/> When of gradual onset, symptoms may include [[urinary incontinence|loss of bladder control]], mild lower abdominal pain, and a weak urine stream.<ref name=NIH2014/> Those with long-term problems are at risk of [[urinary tract infection]]s.<ref name=NIH2014/>

<!-- Cause and diagnosis -->
Causes include blockage of the [[urethra]], nerve problems, certain medications, and weak bladder muscles.<ref name=NIH2014/> Blockage can be caused by [[benign prostatic hyperplasia]] (BPH), [[urethral stricture]]s, [[bladder stones]], a [[cystocele]], [[constipation]], or [[tumors]].<ref name=NIH2014/> Nerve problems can occur from [[diabetes]], trauma, [[spinal cord injury|spinal cord problems]], [[stroke]], or [[heavy metal poisoning]].<ref name=NIH2014/> Medications that can cause problems include [[anticholinergic]]s, [[antihistamines]], [[tricyclic antidepressants]], [[cyclobenzaprine]], [[diazepam]], [[nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug]]s (NSAID), [[stimulants]], and [[opioid]]s.<ref name=NIH2014/><ref name=acdj>{{cite journal | vauthors = de Jong AC, Maaskant JM, Groen LA, van Woensel JB | title = Monitoring of micturition and bladder volumes can replace routine indwelling urinary catheters in children receiving intravenous opioids: a prospective cohort study | journal = European Journal of Pediatrics | volume = 180 | issue = 1 | pages = 47–56 | date = January 2021 | pmid = 32529397 | pmc = 7782390 | doi = 10.1007/s00431-020-03703-7 }}</ref> Diagnosis is typically based on measuring the amount of urine in the bladder after urinating.<ref name=NIH2014/>

<!-- Treatment and epidemiology-->
Treatment is typically with a [[urinary catheterization|catheter]] either through the urethra or [[suprapubic catheter|lower abdomen]].<ref name=NIH2014/><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sliwinski A, D'Arcy FT, Sultana R, Lawrentschuk N | title = Acute urinary retention and the difficult catheterization: current emergency management | journal = European Journal of Emergency Medicine | volume = 23 | issue = 2 | pages = 80–88 | date = April 2016 | pmid = 26479738 | doi = 10.1097/MEJ.0000000000000334 | s2cid = 26988888 }}</ref> Other treatments may include medication to decrease the size of the prostate, urethral dilation, a [[urethral stent]], or surgery.<ref name=NIH2014/> Males are more often affected than females.<ref name=NIH2014/> In males over the age of 40 about 6 per 1,000 are affected a year.<ref name=NIH2014/> Among males over 80 this increases 30%.<ref name=NIH2014/>