Editing Utilitarianism (section)

{{Short description|Ethical theory based on maximizing well-being}}
{{Hatnote|This article discusses utilitarian ethical and philosophical theory. For [[John Stuart Mill]]'s book, see [[Utilitarianism (book)]]. For the architectural theory, see [[Form follows function]].}}
{{Use Oxford spelling|date=August 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Utilitarianism|expanded=all}}

In [[ethical philosophy]], '''utilitarianism''' is a family of [[Normative ethics|normative]] ethical theories that prescribe actions that maximize [[happiness]] and [[well-being]] for the affected individuals.<ref>Duignan, Brian. [1999] 2000. "[https://www.britannica.com/topic/utilitarianism-philosophy Utilitarianism]" (revised). ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. Retrieved 5 July 2020.</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Utilitarianism|url=https://ethicsunwrapped.utexas.edu/glossary/utilitarianism|access-date=2020-05-27|website=Ethics Unwrapped|publisher=[[McCombs School of Business]]|location=Austin, TX|language=en-US}}</ref> In other words, utilitarian ideas encourage actions that lead to the greatest good for the greatest number. Although different varieties of utilitarianism admit different characterizations, the basic idea that underpins them all is, in some sense, to maximize [[utility]], which is often defined in terms of well-being or related concepts. For instance, [[Jeremy Bentham]], the founder of utilitarianism, described ''utility'' as the capacity of actions or [[Subject and object (philosophy)|objects]] to produce benefits, such as pleasure, happiness, and good, or to prevent harm, such as pain and unhappiness, to those affected.

Utilitarianism is a version of [[consequentialism]], which states that the consequences of any action are the only [[Morality|standard of right and wrong]]. Unlike other forms of consequentialism, such as [[Ethical egoism|egoism]] and [[Altruism (ethics)|altruism]], egalitarian utilitarianism considers either the interests of all humanity or all [[Sentience|sentient]] beings [[Equal consideration of interests|equally]]. Proponents of utilitarianism have disagreed on a number of issues, such as whether actions should be chosen based on their likely results (''[[act utilitarianism]]''), or whether [[Agency (philosophy)|agents]] should conform to rules that maximize utility (''[[rule utilitarianism]]''). There is also disagreement as to whether total utility (''[[total utilitarianism]]'') or average utility (''[[average utilitarianism]]'') should be maximized.

The seeds of the theory can be found in the [[hedonism|hedonists]] [[Aristippus]] and [[Epicurus]] who viewed happiness as the only good, the [[state consequentialism]] of the ancient Chinese philosopher [[Mozi]] who developed a theory to maximize benefit and minimize harm, and in the work of the medieval Indian philosopher [[Shantideva]]. The tradition of modern utilitarianism began with [[Jeremy Bentham]], and continued with such philosophers as [[John Stuart Mill]], [[Henry Sidgwick]], [[R. M. Hare]], and [[Peter Singer]]. The concept has been applied towards [[Welfare economics|social welfare economics]], questions of [[justice]], the crisis of [[global poverty]], the [[ethics of eating meat|ethics of raising animals for food]], and the importance of avoiding [[Global catastrophic risk|existential risks]] to humanity.