Editing Vaccination (section)

{{Short description|Administration of a vaccine to protect against disease}}
{{About|administration of a vaccine|the vaccines themselves|vaccine}}
{{See also|Immunization}}
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{{Infobox medical intervention
| Name        = Vaccinations
| Image       = Young girl about to receive a vaccine in her upper arm (48545990252).jpg
| Caption     = Girl about to be vaccinated in her upper arm
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| ICD9        = {{ICD9proc|99.3}}-{{ICD9proc|99.5}}
| MeshID      =
| OPS301      =
| OtherCodes  =
| HCPCSlevel2 = 
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{{Vaccination}}

'''Vaccination''' is the administration of a [[vaccine]] to help the [[immune system]] develop immunity from a disease. Vaccines contain a [[microorganism]] or [[virus]] in a weakened, live or killed state, or [[protein]]s or [[toxin]]s from the organism. In stimulating the body's [[Adaptive immune system|adaptive immunity]], they help prevent sickness from an [[infectious disease]]. When a sufficiently large percentage of a population has been vaccinated, [[herd immunity]] results. Herd immunity protects those who may be immunocompromised and cannot get a vaccine because even a weakened version would harm them.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Herd immunity (Herd protection) {{!}} Vaccine Knowledge|url=https://vk.ovg.ox.ac.uk/vk/herd-immunity|access-date=12 November 2020|website=vk.ovg.ox.ac.uk|archive-date=2 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190802220355/http://vk.ovg.ox.ac.uk/herd-immunity|url-status=live}}</ref> The effectiveness of vaccination has been widely studied and verified.<ref>{{Cite book | vauthors = Fiore AE, Bridges CB, Cox J |chapter=Seasonal Influenza Vaccines |series=Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology |title=Vaccines for Pandemic Influenza |volume=333 |pages=43–82 |year=2009 |pmid=19768400 |doi=10.1007/978-3-540-92165-3_3 |isbn=978-3-540-92164-6|s2cid=33549265 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Chang Y, Brewer NT, Rinas AC, Schmitt K, Smith JS | title = Evaluating the impact of human papillomavirus vaccines | journal = Vaccine | volume = 27 | issue = 32 | pages = 4355–62 | date = July 2009 | pmid = 19515467 | doi = 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.03.008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Liesegang TJ | title = Varicella zoster virus vaccines: effective, but concerns linger | journal = Canadian Journal of Ophthalmology | volume = 44 | issue = 4 | pages = 379–84 | date = August 2009 | pmid = 19606157 | doi = 10.3129/i09-126 }}</ref> Vaccination is the most effective method of preventing infectious diseases;<ref>{{cite book | title = A CDC framework for preventing infectious diseases | url = https://www.cdc.gov/oid/docs/ID-Framework.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120914102409/https://www.cdc.gov/oid/docs/ID-Framework.pdf | archive-date = 14 September 2012 | publisher = U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) | date = October 2011 | quote = Vaccines are our most effective and cost-saving tools for disease prevention, preventing untold suffering and saving tens of thousands of lives and billions of dollars in healthcare costs each year }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | vauthors = Gellin B | title = Vaccines and Infectious Diseases: Putting Risk into Perspective | url = https://iaomt.org/TestFoundation/lifesaver.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101124130606/https://iaomt.org/TestFoundation/lifesaver.htm | archive-date = 24 November 2010 | work = American Medical Association Briefing on Microbial Threats | location = National Press Club Washington, DC | date = 1 June 2000 | quote = Vaccines are the most effective public health tool ever created. }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Vaccine-preventable diseases | date = 7 October 2002 | url = http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/im/vpd-mev/index-eng.php | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120324030536/http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/im/vpd-mev/index-eng.php | archive-date = 24 March 2012 | quote = Vaccines still provide the most effective, longest-lasting method of preventing infectious diseases in all age groups | publisher = Public Health Agency of Canada }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | work = United States National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) | url = http://virtualbiosecuritycenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Library-NIAID-Biodefense-Research-Agenda-for-Category-B-and-C-Priority-Pathogens.pdf | title = NIAID Biodefense Research Agenda for Category B and C Priority Pathogens | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304065419/http://virtualbiosecuritycenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Library-NIAID-Biodefense-Research-Agenda-for-Category-B-and-C-Priority-Pathogens.pdf | archive-date = 4 March 2016 | quote = Vaccines are the most effective method of protecting the public against infectious diseases. }}</ref> widespread immunity due to vaccination is largely responsible for the [[Eradication of infectious diseases|worldwide eradication]] of [[smallpox]] and the elimination of diseases such as [[polio]] and [[tetanus]] from much of the world. According to the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO), vaccination prevents 3.5–5&nbsp;million deaths per year.<ref name="WHO-2022">{{Cite web |title=Vaccines and immunization |url=https://www.who.int/health-topics/vaccines-and-immunization |access-date=18 September 2022 |website=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO) |archive-date=1 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101135141/https://www.who.int/health-topics/vaccines-and-immunization |url-status=live }}</ref> A WHO-funded study by ''[[The Lancet]]'' estimates that, during the 50-year period starting in 1974, vaccination prevented 154 million deaths, including 146 million among children under age 5.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=25 May 2024 |title=Vaccines and immunization |url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(24)00850-X |journal=[[The Lancet]] |volume=403 |issue=10441 |pages=2307–2316}}</ref> However, some diseases have seen rising cases due to relatively low vaccination rates attributable partly to [[vaccine hesitancy]].<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1 February 2024 |title=Editorial: Global Health Concerns as Vaccine-Preventable Infections Including SARS-CoV-2 (JN.1), Influenza, Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV), and Measles Continue to Rise |pmc=10845785 |last1=Parums |first1=D. V. |journal=Medical Science Monitor |volume=30 |pages=e943911-1-e943911-4 |pmid=38298093 }}</ref>

The first disease people tried to prevent by [[inoculation]] was most likely smallpox, with the first recorded use of [[variolation]] occurring in the 16th century in China.{{sfn|Williams|2010|p=60}} It was also the first disease for which a vaccine was produced.<ref name="pmid17633292">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lombard M, Pastoret PP, Moulin AM | s2cid = 6688481 | title = A brief history of vaccines and vaccination | journal = Revue Scientifique et Technique | volume = 26 | issue = 1 | pages = 29–48 | date = April 2007 | pmid = 17633292 | doi = 10.20506/rst.26.1.1724 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="pmid6319980">{{cite journal | vauthors = Behbehani AM | title = The smallpox story: life and death of an old disease | journal = Microbiological Reviews | volume = 47 | issue = 4 | pages = 455–509 | date = December 1983 | pmid = 6319980 | pmc = 281588 | doi = 10.1128/MMBR.47.4.455-509.1983}}</ref> Although at least six people had used the same principles years earlier, the [[smallpox vaccine]] was invented in 1796 by English physician [[Edward Jenner]]. He was the first to publish evidence that it was effective and to provide advice on its production.<ref name="Sudhoffs">{{cite journal | vauthors = Plett PC | title = [Peter Plett and other discoverers of cowpox vaccination before Edward Jenner] | language = de | journal = Sudhoffs Archiv | volume = 90 | issue = 2 | pages = 219–32 | year = 2006 | pmid = 17338405 | url = http://lib.bioinfo.pl/meid:4459 | access-date = 12 March 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080215171503/http://lib.bioinfo.pl/meid:4459 | archive-date = 15 February 2008 | url-status = dead }}</ref> [[Louis Pasteur]] furthered the concept through his work in microbiology. The [[immunization]] was called vaccination because it was derived from a virus affecting cows ({{langx|la|vacca}} 'cow').<ref name="pmid17633292" /><ref name="Sudhoffs" /> Smallpox is a contagious and deadly disease, causing the deaths of 20–60% of infected adults and over 80% of infected children.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Riedel S | title = Edward Jenner and the history of smallpox and vaccination | journal = Proceedings | volume = 18 | issue = 1 | pages = 21–5 | date = January 2005 | pmid = 16200144 | pmc = 1200696 | doi = 10.1080/08998280.2005.11928028 }}</ref> When smallpox was finally eradicated in 1979, it had already killed an estimated 300–500&nbsp;million people in the 20th century.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/smallpoxfighttoe00kopl|url-access=registration|title=Smallpox: the fight to eradicate a global scourge| vauthors = Koplow DA |publisher=University of California Press|year=2003|isbn=978-0-520-24220-3|location=Berkeley}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ucdavismagazine.ucdavis.edu/issues/su06/feature_1b.html|title=UC Davis Magazine, Summer 2006: Epidemics on the Horizon|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211181455/http://ucdavismagazine.ucdavis.edu/issues/su06/feature_1b.html|archive-date=11 December 2008|url-status=dead|access-date=3 January 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=How Poxviruses Such As Smallpox Evade The Immune System |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/01/080131122956.htm |access-date=17 October 2023 |website=ScienceDaily |archive-date=28 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228180621/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/01/080131122956.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

Vaccination and [[immunization]] have a similar meaning in everyday language. This is distinct from inoculation, which uses unweakened live pathogens. Vaccination efforts have been met with [[Vaccine controversy|some reluctance]] on scientific, ethical, political, medical safety, and religious grounds, although no major religions oppose vaccination, and some consider it an obligation due to the potential to save lives.<ref name="nyt19">{{cite web |vauthors=McNeil DG |title=Religious Objections to the Measles Vaccine? Get the Shots, Faith Leaders Say |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/26/health/measles-vaccination-jews-muslims-catholics.html |website=The New York Times |access-date=29 April 2019 |date=26 April 2019 |archive-date=28 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428222245/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/26/health/measles-vaccination-jews-muslims-catholics.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In the United States, people may receive compensation for alleged injuries under the [[National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program]]. Early success brought widespread acceptance, and mass vaccination campaigns have greatly reduced the incidence of many diseases in numerous geographic regions. The US [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] lists vaccination as one of the ten great public health achievements of the 20th century in the US.<ref name="Ten-great">{{cite journal |vauthors=((Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)) | author-link = Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |date=April 1999 |title=Ten great public health achievements--United States, 1900-1999 |url=http://cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00056796.htm |journal=MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report |volume=48 |issue=12 |pages=241–3 |pmid=10220250 |access-date=16 April 2022 |archive-date=11 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711150635/http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00056796.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
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